Research On Farmers’ Participation In The Construction Of Crop Straw Resources Collection And Transportation System

China’s agricultural production has been increasing year by year,it has brought a large number of crop straw output by the time.In the background of constructing the two type society and developing the green agriculture industry,it is urgent to realize the resource utilization of crop straws.In the promotion of government departments,crop straw resource utilization has achieved remarkable achievements.However,the current straw resource utilization is still dominated by the farmers themselves with low utilization rate and short industrial chain.In order to improve the efficiency and utilization of straw resources to avoid limitations of farmers to dispose by themselves,to realize the industrialization of straw utilization,straw collection transportation is the premise.However,crop straw itself has attributes of seasonal production,geographical dispersion,the large volume fluffy and difficult to compress and so on.It is largely affected by the weather,scattered farmers are the supply of the main development of straw industrialization in China with increasingly aging rate at the same time.Females,the agricultural labor,are physically difficult to bear straw collection transportation,thus leading difficulties of the straw collection,high cost of transportation and difficulties of storage.Difficulties of the straw collection,storage,transportation,poor circulation and other collection transportation issues have become the key to restrict the enthusiasm of suppliers and demanders,hindering the development of straw industry and comprehensive utilization efficiency.Therefore,to explore and establish a reasonable and efficient operation of the crop straw collection circulation system will directly affect the level of crop straw utilization industry in the future.At present,China has not yet established the crop straw resources collection transportation system which a market demand is the guidance,the straw use enterprises is the leader,farmers’cooperative organizations is the backbone with farmers’participation and government’s promotion.Farmers,as the supply side of straw resources,are an important subject in the construction of this system,their participation is of great significance in establishing the crop straw collection transportation system,and promoting the development of straw industrialization.In view of this,this article will focus on farmers’participation in the construction of crop straw resources collection and transportation system.A theoretical analysis of this system is firstly conducted from three aspects,the necessity of establishment,the main participating subjects and modes and the game of stakeholders.Based on the micro research data,farmers’cognition on straw collection transportation,willingness to participate,participation behavior,participation mode and contract selection are analyzed,and the compensation standard of farmers’participation in crop straw collection transportation is discussed.Finally,the experiences and advanced methods of foreign straw industrialization and its collection transportation circulation system are analyzed.thereby some policy suggestions are put forward to promote the construction and development of crop straw collection transportation system.The main work and conclusions are as follows:(1)China has rich crop straw resources,and the trend of crop straw resources is increasing overall,so it has a greater potential for industrial use.The macro data is used to calculate the industrial potential of the straw resources in China.The study has found that China’s three largest grain crop straw resources amounted to 41623.3 thousand tons in 2001,while reached to a total of 60560.2 thousand tons in2016 with a 5.50%increase.From the per unit yield of wheat straw,the highest yield of wheat straw was 6925.56kg/hm~2,and the yield of rice and maize straw were6517.63kg/hm~2 and 6569.95 kg/hm~2,respectively.In the year of 2016,three major cereal straw collection resource reached 48342.6 thousand tons with a 50.44%increase compared to 2001,according to standard coal calorific value conversion measured its industrial utilization potential is 239 million 376 thousand and 100 tons of standard coal equivalent to the 2016 national energy consumption by 5.49%,with greater potential for industrial use of visible crop straw.Among them,the biggest potential of the industrialization of corn straw,accounted for 12160 thousand tons of standard coal,accounting for more than half of the potential of corn straw industrialization.The amount of straw resources suitable for industrial utilization was 17140.47 thousand tons,which was equivalent to that of standard coal by deducting the amount of straw returned to field.Among them,the optimal amount of industrial resources of wheat straw is up to 6931.02thousand tons,equivalent to the standard coal of 3465.5 thousand tons,accounting for about 50%of the potential utilization of grain crop straw industrialization.(2)Farmers generally believe that straw burning does more harm than good.Farmers have a certain understanding of the benefits of straw returning to the field,but its shortcomings are slightly less cognitive.Mechanical equipment is the most important for the construction of straw collection transportation system.The perceived value of crop straw collection circulation showed significant differences,the environment perceived value is the highest,and the lowest is the economic perceived value.First of all,in terms of the advantages and disadvantages on the open burning of straw and returning to the field,farmers generally believe that the disadvantages of open burning of straw outweigh the benefits.For straw returning,most farmers have a certain understanding of the benefits,“to increase soil fertility and improve soil physical properties”reached the universally recognized degree,but the cognition of the weaknesses is slightly less.In addition,the farmers’cognition showed obvious provincial differences.Secondly,for the farmers’cognition of the straw collection transportation system,28.03%of the households think that the cost of harvesting link is the highest,followed by cutting and crushing and collecting and packing;from the most time-consuming perspective,1/3 of the households choose"collect bundling",the selecting proportion is much higher than other sectors,which means that if farmers choose to transfer cargo straw will pay more time and labor costs.For the perception of the importance of the factors in the collection transportation system construction,“machinery and facilities”gets the highest score,followed by the importance of“preferential policies”and“market”and“capital”,reflecting that all aspects of the current construction of straw collection transportation circulation system development is not perfect and even lacking.Thirdly,farmers’value perception on the crop straw collection circulation showed significant differences.The perceived value of environmental is the highest,while the economic value is the lowest.Under the different gender,formal education level and the scale of the operation,the value perception of farmers can be sorted as environmental value perception>social value perception>economic value perception.From the perspective of differences,the overall value perception of male farmers is stronger than that of women,and that of the higher education group is higher than the lower education group,but the expansion of family land scales does not significantly enhance the perceived values of farmers.(3)Farmers show high enthusiasm for participating in crop straw collection transportation,and their participating willingness is affected by the value perception,family endowments and the external environment.Through the analysis of farmers’willingness to participate in the straw collection transportation circulation,the enthusiasm of respondents for participating in the straw collection transportation is high,about three quarters(74.87%)of the farmers expressed their willingness to participate in it.Positive tendency of straw resources supply subject will have an important positive significance for the construction of straw collection transportation circulation system,and promoting the development of straw industry undoubtedly.Further study found that farmers’value perception on the straw collection transportation circulation,family endowment and the external environment can significantly influence the willingness to participate.The perception of the environmental value and economic value,political family background and information availability,mechanical facilities and straw utilization enterprises or relevant organizations have a significantly positive effect on farmers’willingness to participate,and older householder and more serious land fragmentation,will inhibit the enthusiasm of farmers.(4)In the selection of the straw cargo circulation mode,farmers are more inclined to the mode of"farmers+intermediary+straw utilization enterprise",participation cost has played an important role in decision-making.In the process of crop straw collection transportation circulation,the majority of peasant scattered generally faced with lack of bargaining power,high transaction costs and other problems,and the“intermediary”mode makes their successful participation possible.The study found that in the two modes of“farmers+straw utilization enterprises”and“farmers+intermediary”,farmers tend to choose the latter one.The cost of participation plays an important role in farmers’decision-making.The information availability and contact way of the straw supply and demand sides representing information cost,the responsible for collecting and storing work representing collection and storage cost and the difficulty of the transportation representing transportation cost all significantly affect the farmers’choice of participating mode.In addition,the individual risk attitude,the type of farmers and the land scale will also influence the farmers’decision making.Due to the cost of participation,such as poor availability of straw demand information,poor information exchange between supply and demand,as well as transportation difficulties,farmers are more likely to choose the“intermediary”mode.At the same time,if farmers can pass on the purchasing and storage costs,that is,the other is responsible for the purchase and storage of straw,then the choice of farmers in the middleman model may be greatly improved.From the enterprise level,through the intermediary to disperse the small farmers,can reduce the difficulty and cost of management,intermediary mode for the enterprise is also a relatively good choice.(5)Farmers’legal contract consciousness is not strong,and there is social relationship and economic rationality in the choice of transfer contract with straw collection.Cultivating interpersonal trust and institutional trust in rural areas contributes to the conclusion of a written contract.The contract signing is of great significance for the stable supply of straw,protecting the interests of both sides,so as to promote the circulation of straw cargo system construction and industrial development.However,the study has found that farmers’legal contract consciousness is not strong,and the choice of written contract is less than 2/3 of the overall.A considerable number of farmers still tend to oral contract.Farmers’dissatisfaction with the object of cooperation and the difference pattern of trust level lead to the difference pattern of farmers’contract choice.The specific performance is that,compared with the middleman(farmer cooperatives or straw brokers),when the cooperative object is straw utilization enterprise,the probability of farmers choosing the written contract will be significantly improved.At the same time,the economic benefits of the written contract has a significant positive effect on farmers’choice,the bigger farmers involved in the transfer of cargo from straw economic income,the more likely to avoid the risk through formal written contract.Therefore,farmers’selection in the collection transportation contract is on both straw social relations and economic rationality.In addition,interpersonal trust and institutional trust can significantly affect the probability of farmers choosing the written contract.Age has a negative effect on farmers’choice of written contract,while the village cadres and the agricultural income families tend to choose the written contract.(6)At present,the main way for the farmers to dispose the straw is to return to the field directly,while collected transportation ratio is very low.Costs and benefits of farmers’participation in collected transportation circulation are not proportional.In addition to the acquisition of the field,farmers are not worth the candle in other ways.Straw returning is the main way of the current farmers’disposal method,which is more than 70%of the total sample,while the overall straw collection transportation circulation behavior accounted for only 17.05%.Farmers’incomes are that of crop straw cargo circulation sales,and the cost mainly includes four parts:information cost,collection cost,storage cost and transportation cost.In the acquisition of field,farmers almost do not need to pay the cost,because straw collection transportation circulation net income come from the straw selling,the net income of corn straw is about 30-50 yuan per mu,the wheat straw is about 10-20 yuan per mu,the rice straw is about 30-40 yuan/mu,the peanut straw is about 20-30 yuan per mu.Regardless of their labor cost,net income per mu of wheat straw collection transportation circulation were 17 yuan and 30 yuan in the way of waiting for the acquisition and collection or collection and transportation sales by themselves;if the labor costs will be included in the relevant costs,farmers will get more loss than gain in both two ways.(7)Farmers’participating willingness-behavior conversion rate is extremely low with serious contradiction.Perceived values,family endowments,participation costs and external environment can significantly affect the farmers’willingness to participate into the actual behavior.Among them,the external environment and family endowments are the root causes.With 593 farmers willing to participate in crop straw collection transportation,less than 23%of the farmers are willing to implement in the real action with serious contradiction between willingness and behavior.The study finds that farmers’perception of the economic value of straw collection transportation is low,endowment defects caused by the shortage of labor resources,the serious fragmentation and widespread concurrent business,low information availability,transportation difficulties,high collection cost resulting in high cost,the adverse external environment caused by mechanical facilities and lack of straw utilization enterprises(organizations)is an important cause of farmers’low implication.With the help of the interpretation structure model,the influencing factors are decomposed,the economic value is directly perceived surface factors,information,transportation and collection work to bear the difficulty of indirect factors,mechanical facilities,the amount of labor,household type,degree of land fragmentation and straw utilization enterprise(organization)are root factors.All factors are independent and interrelated,affecting farmers’willingness to participate in the circulation of straw collection transportation behavior transformation.(8)The crop straw collection transportation subsidies have an obvious incentive effect on farmers’willingness to participate.In formulating the standard of compensation,the cost of crop straw centralized transportation should also be concerned in addition to rural family endowments.The conditional value method(CVM)is used to estimates farmers’participation in the crop straw centralized transportation’s willingness to accept compensation and repayment amount,then the Heckman two stage model is used to analyze the key influencing factors.The results show that the straw collection transportation subsidies could significantly enhance the farmers’willingness to participate,89.48 percent of the respondent farmers are willing to accept government compensation and participate in straw collection transportation.Further,the study has measured that the amount of the average willingness of farmers to accept is about 54.27-60.65 yuan per month.Among them,the willingness of farmers in Shandong Province will be slightly higher than farmers in Hubei Province.The economic value of perception in attitude and behavior variables,neighborhood and village cadres in subjective norms variable,the storage and transportation work difficulties in perceived behavioral control variables and personal characteristics of the risk attitude have important influence on farmers’willingness to accept straw collection transportation.The value of environmental perception,farmers with a high degree,responsibility,straw storage and transportation difficulty,the proportion of agricultural income and family scale have significant positive impact on farmers’repayment amount,while age has a significant negative effect.According to the above research conclusions,with the experience of developed countries,policies applications of promoting the construction and development of circulation system of agricultural wastes collection are put forward as follows:Planning of industrial utilization of straw according to local conditions,form an effective market demand;strengthen the research and promotion of straw container transfer machinery and equipment;actively support the establishment of cooperatives to give full play to the role of"bridge";promote the reasonable transfer of land in accordance with the law,cultivate new agriculture business entities;the implementation of straw collection transportation circulation special subsidies,improve capital efficiency;respect the dominant position of the farmers,actively guide farmers to choose the demonstration of written contract;strengthen publicity and education to enhance the circulation of straw collection,farmers’perceived value etc.The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in two aspects:(1)Industrialization is the future development direction of the comprehensive utilization of straw resources,while straw collection transportation circulation is an important premise to realize the industrialization of straw resources.This paper starts from the perspective of farmers to study the straw collection transportation system.The perceived value theory,family endowment theory is employed to analyze the farmers’willingness to participate in the transfer of straw collection.The choice of farmers involved in straw collection transportation is analyzed from the perspective of farmers’participation cost;The influence mechanism of farmers’transfer contract choice of straw collection is analyzed from factors such as social transition period,partners,economic benefits and trust;the reason why farmers’willingness to participate in the transfer of straw collection and behavior deviates is illustrated;the concept of straw collection circulation special subsidies is put forward,and then the theory of planned behavior is used to discuss the influencing factors of farmers’repayment willingness/amounts.(2)Through the analysis of the willingness and behavior of farmers’participation in the crop straw collection transportation system,the perceived value plays an important role in the process of farmers making decision.The adverse external environment such as shortage of mechanical facilities,lack of straw utilization enterprises or relevant organizations,and family endowment defects caused by the shortage of labor resources,land fragmentation,and widespread concurrent business,are the root causes of farmers’willingness to participate difficultly turning into behavior.Due to the high participation cost caused by poor availability of information,poor information exchange between supply and demand,as well as transportation difficulties,farmers are more likely to choose the“intermediary”mode.In the period of social transformation,there is social relationship and economic rationality in farmers’choice of contract and trust cultivation in rural areas contributes to the written contract.