| The mounting techniques of painting and calligraphy is to bond paper or silk on the back of paper or silk,and smooth and strengthen the painting and calligraphy,which plays a role in protecting,decorating,spreading and collecting for painting and calligraphy cultural relics.Among them,the bonding paper or silk and other processes need to use adhesive.Wheat starch paste(hereinafter referred to as paste)is the most widely used adhesive in painting and calligraphy mounting,which has a history of more than one thousand years.Paste is a natural adhesive,cheap,green and safe.Wheat starch molecules contain a large number of hydroxyl groups,which can be bonded with the hydroxyl groups on the molecular chain of the bonding materials in the form of hydrogen bonds,making it have bonding properties.Meanwhile,the hydroxyl groups of wheat starch can be combined with water molecules in the form of hydrogen bond,which is conducive effective restoration of painting and calligraphy,and conforms to the principle of reprocessing,and meet the requirements of the painting and calligraphy mounting.However,due to internal and external causes,painting and calligraphy will produce breakage,wrinkles,creases,fractures,peeling,empty drum,stains,paper aging,microbial diseases,animal damage and other diseases.Paste as one of the essential materials for painting and calligraphy mounting,its properties are closely related to the disease of painting and calligraphy.Firstly,paste film has larger rigidity and poor flexibility,which is easy to cause brittleness,and leads to physical diseases such as wrinkles,creases and fractures in painting and calligraphy.Secondly,if the bonding strength of paste is small,it is easy to lead to the production of peeling,empty drum in painting and calligraphy,which will further cause wrinkles,creases and other diseases.Thirdly,paste belongs to natural organic material,is a nutrient of harmful organisms,easy to mildew,and promotes the microbial damage to painting and calligraphy.In order to reduce the disease of painting and calligraphy,it is vitally important to improve paste properties.At present,the paste in painting and calligraphy mounting are few researches.In particular,there are still to be further studied on the effects of wheat starch on the macroscopic properties and microstructure of paste and painting and calligraphy through its production technology,composition and modification.As a result,in this paper,using rapid viscosity analyzer(RVA),scanning electron microscope(SEM),thermogravimetric analysis(TG),Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis(FT-IR),dynamic thermal mechanical analysis(DMA),thermal mechanical analysis(TMA),peel strength,flexibility,nitrogen gas adsorption and other analysis technology,the influence of isolation process of wheat starch,kinds and proportion of additives on paste and painting and calligraphy was studied,and revealed the scientific connotation of paste traditional craft,and optimized the paste craft.Based on the above research,the performance evaluation index system of adhesives in painting and calligraphy is discussed.This provides data support and theoretical basis for the future research on the process and modification of paste,and helps to carry out more scientific and reasonable research on the protection of painting and calligraphy cultural relics.The main research contents include:(1)By analyzing the properties of paste and painting and calligraphy,the advantages and disadvantages of paste are summarized,and the ideas for improving the disadvantages of paste are provided.The results show that the advantages of paste include:paste has a certain bonding function and reprocessing.Paste increases paper toughness and tensile strength.Paste can reduces paper deterioration speed,and improves the physical stability of paper.The disadvantages of paste include:first,the wheat starch particles in paste are not completely gelatinized,which may affect the bonding effect and the smoothness of painting and calligraphy.Second,paste is easy to mildew.Third,paste increases the rigidity of paper,reduce the flexibility of paper,so that the painting and calligraphy is not easy to roll back and forth,and it is easy to fracture.Fourth,paste increases the color difference of paper.Fifth,the aging resistance of paste bonding strength is not well,which easily leads to mechanical diseases such as empty drum and wrinkles.(2)According to the disadvantages of paste,the influence of paste on painting and calligraphy was studied from the isolation technology of wheat starch,and optimized the traditional isolation technology of wheat starch.First,in terms of the traditional isolation technology of wheat starch paste painting and calligraphy mounting,the rough-wrought starch(contains A-and B-type starches,proteins,and others)was prepared,and then the rough-wrought starch was screened by centrifugal separation,and the prime starch(A-type of starch)and tailings(the main component is B-type starch)were respectively obtained.The influence of rough-wrought starch,prime starch and tailings on paste and painting and calligraphy was compared and analyzed.The results show that the prime starch paste has the best performance among the three kinds of paste.The B-type starch and proteins in starch are the main reasons for reducing the paste properties.For improving the properties of paste and painting and calligraphy,it is suggested to add the centrifugal separation in the basis of the traditional isolation technology of wheat starch to extract prime starch.(3)Because the paste is easy to mildew,potassium alum(PA)can improve the antibacterial of paste,which is one of the most widely used paste additive.However,PA hydrolysis is acidic.too much use will highly possible have a negative effect on paste and painting and calligraphy,too little use that the antibacterial effect is not obvious.Therefore,the influence of different amount of PA on paste and painting and calligraphy was analyzed,and the best amount of PA was discussed.The results show that the viscosity of wheat starch decreased with the increase of PA amount.In addition,combined with the effects of PA on the paste and the properties of painting and calligraphy,it is suggested that the best optimal amount of PA is 2%～5%(w/w wheat starch).(4)Based on the above researches,it is found that paste increases the rigidity of painting and calligraphy.For reducing the rigidity of paste and scroll painting and calligraphy,improving the flexibility of paste and scroll painting and calligraphy,making the scroll painting and calligraphy easy to roll back and forth,and reduce the physical diseases such as folds,creases and fractures of painting and calligraphy,the influence of plastizing paste on the scroll painting and painting is studied.The results show that adding glycerin in paste can significantly improve the flexibility of paste and paper,and reduce the specific surface area and pore volume of paper,which is to reduce the deterioration rate and improve the physical stability of the paper.Therefore,glycerin plasticizing paste has great potential in improving the softness of scroll painting and calligraphy.(5)Compared with traditional paste,the application of a new modified wheat starch paste(prime wheat starch paste containing alum and glycerin)has a better effect in painting and calligraphy mounting.Combined with the main performance of adhesives,principle of cultural relic protection and diseases of painting and calligraphy cultural relics,the evaluation index system of adhesives performance suitable for mounting techniques of painting and calligraphy is preliminary constructed.The system is further refined according to the different forms of painting and calligraphy,including hand scroll and upright shaft painting and calligraphy.This makes the research and application of adhesives in painting and calligraphy more standardized,which is conducive to improving the scientific protection level of painting and calligraphy cultural relics,and can also provide reference for the protection of relevant paper cultural relics. |
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