| Female border residents who lived in the Fengtian and Jilin regions,they have personally experienced various social changes in their respective living areas.At the same time,they also collectively participated in the governance of the northeast border society,the stability of border social order,the construction and reconstruction of the border social structure,also play an undeniable historical role.By comprehensively applying historical and sociological theories and research methods,this article first focuses on the various social role playing situations of female border residents who have a strong influence in the society of the Fengtian and Jilin regions(including two types of people: The Bannermen and the Han).Subsequently,the characteristics of social groups and regions presented by multiple social roles are summarized.Finally,the interactive influence between the formation of these characteristics and the social governance system constructed by the Qing government in the Northeast region was explored.The paper is divided into seven chapters,and the main research content and viewpoints of each chapter are as follows:In the first chapter,by defining the group scope and summarizing the regional distribution characteristics of the female border residents lived in the Fengtian and Jilin regions,the complexity of the internal composition of the Banner people and the people had been registered in the civil census register is presented.On this basis,it was further summarized that the female border residents showed a trend of widespread mixed living due to the increasing interweaving of the entire Banner and the Han during the mid to late Qing Dynasty.In Chapter 2,the social roles played by married individuals in both family and marital life were examined.Firstly,based on existing research findings in sociology and women’s history,breaking through the traditional academic view that women’s activities such as marriage,childbirth,and supporting the elderly are classified as "family life",through a summary of three reasons,the role of female border residents in supporting the elderly,raising children,educating their descendants,and in the complex and multiple behavioral activities of marriage life is classified as the category of female "social roles".In the first section,three types of "supporting family" social roles that played by female border residents in the field of family life have been examined and sorted out specifically: Supporters of the elderly such as father-in-law and mother-inlaw,child caregivers and educators for future generations.These confirm that the female border residents whom lived in the Fengtian and Jilin regions were not completely dependent on male parasites.On the contrary,as a gender group corresponding to male border residents,they have deeply participated in the maintenance of stability and development of border society by playing these three types of social roles in the field of family life.The second section mainly focuses on the role playing of three special social roles in the marriage life of married women in the border areas: rapist,widow,and remarrier.The proportion of virtuous wives and obedient women among female border residents is the highest,but they are not included as a key social role in the marriage life studied in this section.The reason for this approach is that their significant contributions in maintaining social stability and order in the border areas,as well as the sustainable development of the border society are self-evident.Analysis of relevant cases and statistical analysis of data reveal: Some social roles have diverged in their portrayal during many female border residents in the marriage life since the Qianlong period.Due to economic and emotional reasons,some married female border residents have engaged in adultery with others.The abnormal marriage roles such as committing adultery is itself the first manifestation of the variation in the social roles of married women as border residents.The second manifestation of the variation is that after the death of their husbands,some widows begin to live a widowed life under the shaping and guidance of official means such as the recognition and encouragement from the Qing government.In addition,some widows choose to remarry and play the social role of remarriage women,the Qing government and various sectors of local society did not discriminate against remarried women but instead held a more tolerant attitude.The third chapter mainly examines and reveals the social roles of female border residents lived in the Fengtian and Jilin regions as laborers in agricultural and sideline industries and defenders of family economic interests from the perspective of economic activities.The investigation found that the female border residents did not completely break away from their family economic production activities on a large scale and become a parasitic group in the Fengtian and Jilin regions.On the contrary,a large number of Bannermen and the Han had extensively participated in the production activities of various agricultural and sideline industries.Subsequently,through case analysis,it was revealed: since the Qianlong period,female border residents had participated in various family economic dispute resolution activities to varying degrees.Some of these female border residents also play the social role of defenders of property control rights in disputes and lawsuits such as land and property.The fourth chapter is divided into three sections:In the first section,a special investigation was conducted to investigate the phenomenon of women serving as kitchen staff(厨役)and table setters(摆桌人)in the three tombs(Yongling fuling and zhaoling)of mukden(盛京)during the Qing dynasty,attempt to reveal the characteristics of female border residents in Fengtian in the social and professional role playing during the Qing Dynasty,who served as officials and had long been overlooked by the academic community.In the second and third sections,the situation of female border residents who lived in the Fengtian and Jilin regions standing in front of the stage or hiding behind the scenes,participating in local social activities through various means was investigated.This result reveals that the female border residents were not completely confined to narrow family spaces,but instead participated in social activities through various means in the mid to late Qing dynasty.In Chapter 5,the status of female border residents in the Fengtian and Jilin regions serving as"contributors"to the stability of social order in border areas was examined and summarized.Attempts to analyze the"gender contribution"and the"reproductive value"of reproduction of frontier labor force,which are easily ignored by the academia,to reveal:under the prohibition policy to the northeast region,female Bannermen and Han were treated differently by the Qing Government in the Fengtian and Jilin regions.When the Qing government ruled the Fengji region,if the Bannermen relocated to other garrisons,they will be ordered by the emperor to relocate with their families,in order to cultivate their desire to live in peace forever;For Han who lived in various provinces within Shanhaiguan(山海关),male strong men are encouraged to come single to make a living,and it is usually prohibited to carry wives and children.This prohibition policy has led to many Han refugees living in the Fengtian and Jilin regions becoming restless due to a lack of women.In addition,the long-term imbalance in gender ratio is also an important reason for the frequent occurrence of cases of female abuse.This phenomenon also proves the"gender contribution"played by female border residents in maintaining social stability in the northeastern border areas,including Fengtian and Jilin.The sixth chapter mainly examines the social group characteristics of the multiple social roles played by female border residents in Fengtian and Jilin regions.The investigation reveals that there are significant differences in the social group roles played by female border residents between the Bannermen and the Han.One reason for this difference is that based on the Eight Banners system,when the female Bannermen and their families encounter events such as marriage and funeral,they can receive silver or coins distributed to them by the Qing government.However,Han female border residents were unable to receive silver or coins due to their group nature.The second reason is that the Fengtian and Jilin regions,as "the source areas of the Eight Banner Army" for the Qing Dynasty emperors,also differentiated the social roles of local female border residents.The social roles played by the female border residents of the banner are imbued with characteristics such as "military affiliation","military martyr affiliation",and "serving for the military first".On the contrary,for Han female border residents,before the complete lifting of the ban and allowing Han whom living within Shanhaiguan to come and pay for land to cultivate during the Guangxu period,the Qing government had long prohibited people in the pass from carrying their female relatives out of Shanhaiguan and other places to make a living.In Chapter 7,when summarizing the significant regional characteristics of the social roles played by female border residents in Fengtian and Jilin during the Qing Dynasty,two sections are divided: In the first section,three regional characteristics are summarized and summarized: the regional remnants of the traditional fishing and hunting economy in Jurchen and Manchu have left a mark on the marriage and life of female border residents in Fengtian and Jilin,The gender division of labor among textile workers in Fengtian and Jilin is weak,with more male workers,After the reign of Emperor Daoguang in Jilin,there was a systematic phenomenon of selecting and sending widows whom belong to Bannermen and Proficient in Manchu language to Beijing for duty.And analyzed the construction and operation of the "military first" ruling system,as well as its profound impact on the various social roles played by female border residents in Fengtian and Jilin regions.In the second section,through investigation,it is summarized that after the Xianfeng period,as the reconstruction of the social order in the Northeast border region began,the social roles played by female border residents in Fengtian and Jilin regions showed new regional characteristics compared to before: the first new characteristic is the imprint of "rampant banditry" in female social roles,and the second is the imprint of "border crisis".In summary,this article is based on fully utilizing historical materials such as the"hetu baita be ejehe dangse"(《黑图档》),"Hunchun Fu Dutong Yamen Dang"(《珲春副都统衙门档》),"Dongbei Bianjiang Dangan Xuanji"(《东北边疆档案选辑》),"Qingdai Qiushen Wenxian"(《清代秋审文献》),"Changshun Dang"(《长顺档》)and other first-hand Manchu Chinese language archives,assist in fully utilizing various local chronicles and existing research results at home and abroad,reviewed separately the following four issues:The social role playing of female border residents in the field of marriage and family areas,the production and economic activities of household agricultural and sideline industries,female border residents they had been employed in local government departments as well as their participation in social activities,their participation in the maintenance of social order in the northeast border regions.Revealed the multiplicity and complexity of the social roles played by female border residents in various fields by combining micro and macro methods and the differences between the official shaping of the central and local governments and practice with the main body of the female border residents.Further attempts were made to summarize the social group and regional characteristics of the social roles played by the female border residents they lived in areas of Fengtian and Jilin.And the mutual influence between these characteristics and the"Military First"ruling system that was gradually established by the central government of the Qing dynasty in the northeast region. |
