Study Of Public Goods Equalization Between Urban And Rural Areas Based On Farmers’ Demand

As Chinese economy is developing rapidly,Urban and rural residents’ demand for public service like education,sanitation and medical treatment service is growing rapidly.However,since new China was founded in 1949,there was a series of institutional arrangements,which leads to the typical urban and rural dual structure today.It makes the contraction between supply and demand of basic public goods in urban and rural areabecause public demand is growing,especially for the basic public education service(such as conditions of school operation,faculty,funds investment and so on).The disparities of rural-urban differences not only affect the society equity,but also cause the problems about improving people’s livelihoods and building well-off society.Equalization of public service was put forwarded at the fifth session of the 16 th CPC in 2005.In2007,The Report of The 17 th National Congress of CPC mentioned that the public service system reform aim to enhance the public service level and everyone can share the public service equally.In2010,《 National Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development Plan Outline(2010-2020)》 also mentioned that enhancing Balanced Development of Compulsory Education is one of the strategic plan for the compulsory education in our country,and the compulsory education should narrow the gap between urban and rural areas.the government should show the bias for the rural areas on the fund investment,school operation,faculty and so on.The existing domestic and overseas research has revealed the characteristics and reasons of equalization of basic public education service in some degree.However,On the whole it was still not comprehensive and some realistic urgent issues have been ignored in their research.For example,What’s the scope of the equalization of basic public education service? How to set education equalization standard? What’s the influecing factors of education equalization? How to remove the negative effects of education equalization and promote education equalization development? The exploration of these crucial questions are obviously of great importance in deeply understanding the equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas in our country.Basing on the previous literature,this study analyzed t the issue of equalization of basic public education service in rural and urban areas by using economy theory systematically.Firstly,based on the panel data from 31 provinces,this study analyzed the different characteristics about the development of equalization of basic public education service in different times by the method of DEA.Then about it was founded the presence of phenomenon of non-equalization of basic public education in Hu Bei province in the current stage.Based on the statistical data of Statistic Yearbook,the research analyze the disparities of basic public education resources allocation in urban and rural areas in Hu Bei province according to the survey about resource availability,school environment,faculty,fund investment and so on.Secondly,from the farmers’ perspective,the research set the index appraise system about equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas in Hu Bei province by the method of grounded theory.Thirdly,from the aspect of institutional environment and culture,the research analyze the factors that affect the equalization of basic public education service by the method of literature research,mathematical statisticsand comparative analysis.lastly,the research put forward the research conclusions and policy suggestions.Themain conclusions are as follows:(1)The difference analysis of basic public education service.from the study explored inter-provincial differences of basic public education service in our country based on empirical date from 31 provinces between 1998 and 2013.Then,this study used σ convergence,β convergence and club-convergence,to analyze the convergence of compulsory education in our country based on average education years and test the crucial factors that affect Balanced Development of Compulsory Education by β convergence.The conclusions are as follows: there was σ convergence in the compulsory education in our country totally and β absolute convergence is present obviously.After controlling the per capita GDP,student-staff ratio in different areas,students average education expenditure and students average school building area,there are β convergence existing in our compulsory education,which means that the crucial factors that affect the convergence of compulsory education in our country are the per capita GDP,student-staff ratio in different areas,students average education expenditure,students average school building area and so on.There are no “club-convergence”existing in the eastern,middle and western region in China.According to the investigation of basic education resource availability,basic school environment,faculty,fund investment and so on,the research makes the systematically analysis about disparities of basic public education resources allocation in urban and rural areas in Hu Bei province,the main conclusion is that there are disparities existed in basic public education resources allocation.(2)Index setting and measurement of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas.Based on the grounded theory,the research makes the in-depth interview for the peasants of Wu Xue,Ma Cheng,Sui Zhou and so on.The main index of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas was obtained.On the basis of the index,theindex system of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas is formed by using the method of AHD and the research makes empirical analysis to that equalization through the method of fuzzy synthetic evaluation.The conclusions are as follows:There are different characteristics of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas in different period and there are obvious non-equalizationin Hubei province.The research also points out that,equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas is a comprehensive problem that has complex levels andthe form of measurement system will change with the condition fo economy and society and subjective consciousness of people.As a result,the policy should adjust to the different situations timely.The index system of equalization of basic public education service should be managed dynamically to keep its time-validity.(3)Causes of non-equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas.The equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas is affected by many factors such as historical institutional policy,traditional culture,consciousness of people in modern society and so on.The main conclusions of this part are as follows:The policy in different periods has important impact on development of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas,owing to long existing disparities on objective condition of education foundation and urban rural dual structure andhigh quality resources of urban area compared with rural area.As a result,the high quality faculty,good source of students in the countryside and the investment of social capital in education would flow to the urban areas for a long tim.The government has far to go to make access to equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas.Concerning resource allocation,the investment for urban-rural basic public education has swung up and down.However,there has no change in investment gap between urban and rural areas for many years.In recent years,the investment gap is narrowing although the investment allocation bias for the urban in Hu Bei province.The research also points out that,as the essential part of education resource,the faculty is still allocated unequally,which leads to the unreasonable flow of urban teacher and the drain of rural teacher.The research found that the values can affect teachers flow tendency.Work value is the performance of individual value in workplace.The essence is the judge of work demand and work satisfaction.So the work value can affect rural teacher’s flow tendency.(4)Path choice of improving equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas.After reconsidering the policy rationality and value rationality,this research points out that the government should improve development of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas from virous aspects.First,the government should break the urban-rural dual structure and improve the development of integration process.Second,the government at all levels should make clear of their own duties and complete the expenditure management system of basic public education.Third,establishing the index management system of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas.Fourth,realizing the high quality faculty resource sharing.The innovations of this research are as follows: First,this research explores the contents and structure of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas based on farmers’ demand.Based on the analysis of the operational mechanism of equalization of basic public education services in urban and rural areas,this research explores the contents and structure by the method of grounded theory.The measurement index system is set up on the basis of the fuzzy synthetic evaluation and factor analysis instead of simple weighted arithmetical method.In this way,the development of equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas can be reflected objectively.Second,Using regression model,the method of comparative analysis and empirical analysis,this research analysis that rural teachers’ values is an important factor affecting the flow of rural teachers.This paper combines the development of basic public education in Hubei province,combines the supply and demand to explore the manifestation of non-equalization of basic public education in urban and rural areas and dig out the reasons lead to that,thus providing specific and operational measure to improve equalization of basic public education service in urban and rural areas.Third,The data envelopment analysis(DEA)method is introduced into the measurement of the balanced development level of basic public education.The study conducted analyses of ɑconvergence,β convergence,and club convergence.We toke average education years(AEY)as the measurement index to explore the convergence of China’s basic public education.We also performed a βconvergence test on key influencing factors of coordinated development of basic public education.based on the panel data from 31 provinces during 1998 to 2013.So we can judge the basic situation of Hubei province in China.