| Private higher education is lucrative,and diversified worldwide experiences of private universities as educational institutions’ ownership,management,and control are changing in Asia and Pacific nations.The Private higher education sector is growing fast in many settings,including India.Private higher education has resulted from changes in the economic policy toward liberalization and privatization by the Government of India.After 1990,the higher education sector,and after that,there has been a trend toward private higher education and private universities.Setting up private universities by individuals or NGOs has been a new trend of privatization of higher education in India from the beginning of the twenty-first century;it starts from the modest number of 15 pioneering universities in 2005 to more than 400 private universities and thousands of private colleges in India in till now.The increase has been a cause of concern regarding the quality of higher education,university infrastructure,access to these universities,rising inequalities,and gender disparities in India.Rising inequalities,gender disparities,and restricted access to these private universities are becoming a paramount concern.Among different social and religious groups,gender disparities and educational inequalities in higher education,particularly in private universities,are considered too serious to ignore.Simultaneously,the development of higher education in the private sector has aided the nation in attaining a stage of massification,which is critical for assessing and identifying expansion winners and losers.There are apparent gender disparities and inequalities in private universities across places,gender,Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes,Backward Classes,Muslims,and other minorities.Injustices and gender disparities are becoming a growing societal issue as enrollment rates remain low compared to their counterparts.However,it is evident from the given studies that private universities affect gender parity,educational equality,access growth of universities,and enrolment growth of students from lower classes and minorities all over India.Different factors like educational inequalities,social inequalities,religious inequalities,gender disparities,the Hindu caste system of India,restrictions on lower Scheduled classes,tribes,and Muslims towards education,and other factors affected the private university’s environment during these years.India’s higher education system has developed significantly,most notably in the recent decades since the early 1990s.As of 2019-20,India has roughly 38.54 million students registered in 42,343 public-private colleges and 11,799 independent institutions,including 1043 public and private universities.According to the Ministry of Human Resource Development,the gross enrolment ratio in higher education has nearly quadrupled from 0.4% in 1950-51 to 27.1% in 2019-20 as India has developed into one of the world’s most extensive higher education systems,with over 38 million students,second only to China.The primary objective of this research is to look at private higher education in India and identify growth trends in access,gender parity,and women’s participation in private universities in India,as this empirical research focuses on caste,classes,geography,gender,and other social groups’ issues.The study’s literature evaluation helped uncover research gaps as this study relates to private universities’ gender disparities,growth trends of access,and Enrolment in India as concerns in higher education sociology.The essential indicators of gender parity,equality,accessibility,and growth trends toward access were identified in the current research analysis.The main objective is to present a peep into private universities’ trends and growth by examining access via the growth of universities and the proportion of male and female enrollment.Another objective is to use Gender Parity Index(GPI)method to study gender parity in level-wise enrolment in public-private universities and all categories like India,Scheduled Castes,Scheduled Tribes,Other Backward Classes,Muslims,and other minorities.We aim to examine new coverage features of private university education in India concerning caste,class,gender,and other religious community prejudice via private universities.The locality caste and class system will be emancipated to stimulate new studies for ubiquitous post-impact social ramifications.Methodology refers to the logical and systematic approach used in research,including identifying the research topic,reading relevant literature,selecting the study design,sample design,data collecting techniques,and selecting appropriate data processing tools and interpretation methodologies.The purpose of the study was to determine the private universities’ growth trends toward access and gender parity in the Indian higher education system and the gross enrolment ratio of different social and religious groups of Indian society concerning female participation in private universities in India in the last decade.This study employed data analysis involving the comparative analysis for growth trends and designed the Gender Parity Index method established by UNESCO based on the All India Survey of Higher Education to find out about gender parity and growth access in private universities.This thesis research design is divided into two different groups as it focuses on(a)growth trends to access and(b)gender parity in private universities in India,predominantly regarding gender parity of Social Castes(SCs),Social Tribes(STs),Other Backward Classes(OBC),Muslims,and other Minorities in private universities in India.The current research seeks to understand the changes in females’ access to private university education in India from 2011-12 to 2019-20 through the Gender Parity Index(GPI).GPI in enrolment for various levels(under-graduation,post-graduation,and M.Phil.& Ph.D.)and GPI in Enrolment of social and religious groups in private universities was calculated in all categories like India,SC,ST,OBC,Muslims,and other minorities as given by AISHE for each year(2011-12 to 2019–20).The findings demonstrate that in all public and private universities in India,males and females are not equally represented,as female enrollment is much lower than males at all levels in public and private universities.Lower classes,tribes,and Muslims have demonstrated substantial gender disparities in enrollment in private universities,but other minorities have made more significant progress in female equality at all levels.These patterns in private university development seem to be unevenly distributed across gender and thus discourages female students from continuing their study or seeking a job in private universities.Among inequalities in different spheres,inequalities in private higher education,in particular,are considered too serious to ignore anymore.Higher education is essential for reducing social inequalities,but private universities are characterized by increasing disparities in gender,social groups,religion,and regions.Although every group’s standing in general higher education has improved,the gain has not been evenly distributed across social,religious,and geographical groups in private universities.The analysis concludes that most of the data considered are statistically substantially connected with the chance of an individual enrolling in private universities.Males students are more likely than females to pursue private higher education,whereas OBCs and Muslims are less likely than their peers.Similar results show statistically significant gender disparities in the likelihood of attending private universities.Families from lower classes and tribes distinguish male and female offspring in private higher education,but the wealthy do not.Private university development seems to be unevenly distributed across gender and thus discourages female students from continuing their studies or seeking a job in private universities.The study conducted using the AISHE data from 2011-12 to 2019–20 on gender parity in private universities at various levels shows that parity in enrolment is improving in general higher education.However,private universities are widening the gap of gender disparities between the poor and rich.However,the complexity of socioeconomic classifications in India frequently obscures the gender disparities in the most impoverished portions of society.As this study focuses on female students from social and religious groups in private universities,it records the prevalence of excessive levels of gender disparity among the SCs,STs,and Muslim minorities compared to other minorities.Female students from social and religious groups in India have considerably less access to private university resources than males.The challenges associated with living in low-income and underdeveloped locations and the deprivations connected with lower caste and class rank are exacerbated for these females by a male value system.These findings highlight the need to adopt and implement rules to improve gender parity in private universities.Scholarships,free vocational training,reliable and consistent loans,and accessible childcare facilities should be made available by the private sector to scheduled and religious groups’ female to improve their ability to access unattainable education and participate in the economy,as well as to elevate their status in comparison to male in the society. |
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