Research On The Wage Gap In The Process Of Maketization In China

Since the reform and opening-up,the widening income gap has become the basic feature of the process of marketization,which has transformed China from a country where equalitarianism prevails to a country with a high income gap in a relatively short period of time.The income distribution gap in the world’s major developed countries tends to expand,the explanatory power of the Kuznets curve decreases,and the income distribution gap does not improve with the improvement of economic development level.The main part of disposable income of residents in China is wage income.The expansion of wage income gap has led to the gradual change of residents’ income to two levels of concentration and differentiation.This income distribution pattern deviates from the goal of achieving common prosperity for all people,and has attracted extensive attention from all social circles.In the process of more than 40 years of market-oriented reform,the industrial development is not coordinated and the development between regions is not balanced.The main reason that the income of residents is divided into two levels is further manifested in the widening industrial wage gap and regional wage gap.Whether from the perspective of economic growth or social development,narrowing the wage gap,especially the wage income gap between industries and regions,is a major problem that needs to be solved.At present,the analysis of the causes of the wage gap is an important part of the research,and the analysis of the single action mechanism is the main one.This paper,from the perspective of the "long lens" of China’s marketization process,constructs the impact mechanism of the formation of the industrial and regional wage gap,and adds the contribution decomposition and long-term action trend analysis of the impact factors,in order to provide a theoretical reference for the future reform of the income distribution system.The second chapter defines the core concepts involved in this paper,explains the basic connotation of the marketization process from the four aspects of rural,urban,opening to the outside world and labor market,and takes the wage gap between industries and regions caused by non labor value differences as the research object.Then,by combing and comparing the theories of wage determination mechanism of important thought streams in Classical economics,Marxist economics.Neoclassical economics and Modern economics.it is found that these theories have been applied to a certain extent in different periods of China’s wage system reform.They are important theoretical tools for understanding and analyzing China’s wage gap.The third chapter makes a realistic observation on the historical performance of the wage system reform and wage income pattern in the process of China’s marketization.Taking time as the main axis,this paper analyzes the historical evolution of the wage system during the period of national economic recovery,planned economy,economic system transition,and the establishment and improvement of the socialist market economy.From the perspective of urban and rural areas,regions,industries and ownership types,the change process of wage income in the process of marketization in China is presented,it is found that the development basis of the dual economic structure in China leads to the difference of income source structure between urban and rural residents;There is a long-term wage income gap between regions;The extreme wage ratio among industries is gradually rising,and the absolute value gap between industry wages and regional sub industries is expanding year by year;The wage gap between different ownership units in urban non-private units gradually narrowed and tended to be stable,while the extreme wage ratio between urban non-private units and private units showed a "U-shaped"change characteristic.Further use Gini coefficient and Theil index to analyze the change trend of the industry and regional wage gap.The industry wage gap will still rise,and the contribution of the regional wage gap to the overall level will increase.The fourth chapter constructs the theoretical analysis framework of the formation of industry and regional wage gap in the process of marketization in China.China’s market-oriented reform is carried out under the national macro-control.Whether it is the industrial wage gap or the regional wage gap,its formation mechanism is based on the market-oriented reform system.As far as the industrial wage gap is concerned,the non equal wage system arrangement of"linking work efficiency" is the institutional basis for the formation of the industrial wage gap.Meanwhile,the characteristics of industrial heterogeneity have a decisive impact on it.In addition,the establishment of micro subjects of various ownership systems,the implementation of market-oriented reform measures of the opening-up policy,and the change of industrial structure all have an important impact on the formation of the industrial wage gap.As for the regional wage gap,the implementation of the unbalanced regional development strategy is the institutional basis for the formation of the regional wage gap.Under this background,various regions have formed a differentiated development pattern,which plays a decisive role in the formation of the regional wage gap.In addition,the mobility of labor and the externality of human capital also have an important impact on it.The fifth and sixth chapters build the econometric model based on the above theoretical understanding,and use OLS,GLS and SYS-GMM to conduct empirical testing.The empirical results are basically consistent with the theoretical expectations.Considering the process of marketization,the degree of nationalization,the speed of structural adjustment,the degree of opening to the outside world,labor productivity and the level of human capital in the industry have all widened the industry wage gap;The level of industry,the degree of opening up,the level of high-level talents and the attractiveness of the region can improve the regional wage level,while the regional labor mobility barriers reduce the regional wage level.In the analysis of contribution decomposition and long-term trend of each factor,it is concluded that industry heterogeneity plays a leading role in explaining the industry wage gap,and the role of monopoly degree of industry ownership and openness to the outside world is weakened;The gathering of high-level talents in the region is an important driving force for the rise of the regional wage level.The impact of the improvement of the regional industrial level on the regional wage is lagging.The seventh chapter puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to mediate the wage gap between industries and regions according to the above empirical test results.In terms of adjusting the industrial wage gap,we can effectively adjust it by breaking down the monopoly barriers of ownership,improving the labor productivity of the primary industry and traditional sectors,optimizing the industrial distribution structure of foreign direct investment and increasing investment in education.In terms of adjusting the regional wage gap,we can effectively adjust it by optimizing the regional industrial layout,vigorously developing the export-oriented economy,eliminating the institutional obstacles of labor flow and paying attention to the introduction of high-level talents.