| The realization of a high-quality development is the inevitable requirement of our economic and social development in the new times.the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(hereinafter referred to as the"19thCPC National Congress")made a basic judgment on the direction of China’s economic development in the new era.It proposed to"build a modernized economic system"and stressed that"supply-side structural reform is the main line,promote the reform of quality,efficiency and impetus of economic development,and improve the total factor productivity"."Improving quality and efficiency will become the main melody of economic development".The Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Century-long Struggle adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee points out that"We must realize high-quality development in which innovation becomes the primary driving force,coordination becomes the endogenous feature,green development becomes the common pattern,opening up becomes the only way to go,and sharing becomes the fundamental goal."The 20th CPC National Congress further stated that"building a modern industrial system.We will continue to focus on the real economy in economic development,promote new industrialization,and speed up the building of a strong manufacturing country and a strong quality country,"which provides the fundamental guideline for high-quality development of the manufacturing industry and points out the way forward.Although China has experienced rapid development within more than 40 years since the reform and opening up,economic growth at the same time also faces some problems.Especially in the production field,the long-term extensive operation mode focusing on quantity instead of quality has caused serious distortion in the industrial structure.The industries with high energy consumption,high pollution and high emission have a higher proportion than those with high added value,high-tech content,high production efficiency that pursuing low carbon and environmental protection.As a result,the quality and efficiency of economic development have become a matter of concern by the whole society.The manufacturing industry is the pillar of national economy,which is also a window for the study on national economy.The technological efficiency level of the manufacturing industry determines the development direction of national economy to a certain extent.This paper believes that the only way to achieve high-quality development is to seek efficiency from technology.Therefore,this paper takes China’s manufacturing enterprises as the research object,measures the level of technical efficiency of China’s manufacturing enterprises,analyzes the trend characteristics of technical efficiency of manufacturing enterprises,and studies the ways to further improve the technical efficiency of manufacturing enterprises from the perspectives of enterprises themselves,regional spillover and policy intervention.We will achieve high-quality development of the manufacturing industry.This paper was based on the theories of Marxist economics on labor and efficiency,capital accumulation and efficiency and relative surplus value and efficiency,and draws lessons from the efficiency theory of western economics,human capital theory,externality theory of business aggregation,policy intervention theory and other beneficial results.Combined with theoretical elaboration and mechanism analysis,it aims at improving the technical efficiency of Chinese manufacturing enterprises.Put forward three core issues concerned by this paper,namely:Question 1:Is labor force training in micro enterprises conducive to improving enterprise technical efficiency?How big is the technical efficiency improvement effect of labor force training?Question 2:Is the competition between enterprises within the region conducive to improving the technical efficiency of enterprises?What is the intensity and scope of regional spillover effects of competition?Question 3:Is the combination of tax reduction and subsidy policies of the central government conducive to improving the technical efficiency of enterprises?How to weigh the two?These three questionswill be respectively argumentation in chapter 6,7 and 8.On the basis of the conclusion,fully considering the policy can be implemented,policy advices are provided in chapter 9,they provide theoretical basis and empirical basis for the formulation of policies related to the improvement of technological efficiency of manufacturing enterprises in China.In this paper,five aspects are mainly explored.（1）The theoretical basis part summarizes the Marxist economic theory and Western economic theory related to the research content of this paper,and makes comparison and induction of them,as the theoretical support for the empirical study of this paper.（2）Reviewing the policy evolution of China’s manufacturing industry and international experience,this paper points out that enterprise training,regional spillover and policy intervention are the main factors to improve the technical efficiency of manufacturing enterprises.Based on the theory and practical experience,three questions are put forward.（3）The technical efficiency measurement of manufacturing enterprises in China,their change trend and the existing problems are analyzed.On the basis of taking corporate training as the entry point,the technical efficiency enhancement effect of training is identified from the perspective of micro-improvement strategies on technological efficiency.（4）Through using the extended Spatial Dubin Model,the corporate technical efficiency is explored from its externality;meanwhile,the direct and regional spillover effects of different types of human capital stocks on the corporate technical efficiency are studied.（5）The impact of government taxes and subsidies on corporate technical efficiency is identified and compared.In this paper,the authors attempt to discover the problems of technical efficiency in China’s manufacturing industry through the analysis of characteristics of corporate technical efficiency and put forward countermeasures and proposal for improving the technical efficiency of the manufacturing industry rom the perspectives of enterprises,regional spillovers and policy interventions.Based on the above research content,the conclusions on the change trend of technical efficiency in the manufacturing industry in China and its promotion mechanism are drawn as follows:First,The overall technical efficiency of China’s manufacturing industry in the sample range has been on the rise;specifically,the average technical efficiency level rose from 0.612 in 1999 to 0.776 in 2007（evidence from the industrial enterprise database）and from 0.697 in 2008 to 0.816 in 2017（evidence from the listed company database）.However,for most sectors in manufacturing industry,low capital elasticity and labor flexibility resulted in diminishing returns to scale.In other words,although the technical efficiency of China’s manufacturing industry in the sample range has improved,the diminishing returns to scale have restricted its further improvement space.So,how to improve factor quality and resource allocation has become the key to improving the technical efficiency of manufacturing industry.Second,Thetraining of labor force in manufacturing enterprises can improve the technical efficiency of enterprises.Compared with the"counterfactual"hypothesis that no employee training is conducted,the probability of high-tech enterprises in listed manufacturing companies becoming highly technologically efficient enterprises increases by 0.299 to 0.304 if they train their employees.If the high-tech enterprises in industrial enterprises train their employees,the probability of becoming a high-tech efficient enterprise increases between 0.082 and 0.085.With the increase of 1%in enterprise training funds,the probability of listed companies becoming high technical efficiency enterprises at the end of the period increases by 0.041 to 0.061,and the probability of industrial enterprises becoming high technical efficiency enterprises at the end of the period increases by 0.034 to 0.042.Thirdly,As the technical efficiency has the externality,there must be regional spillover effect.However,as the administrative region of the enterprise expands,the spillover effect gradually declines;but when the region is expanded to the provincial level,the spillover effect of the company’s micro-level technical efficiency is not significant.Human capital stock,whether from the angle of education or from the angle of occupational skills,has played the role of enhancing the improvement of the enterprise’s technical efficiency,but it will have a negative regional spillover effect on the surrounding enterprises.Whether it is the regional spillover effect brought about by the enterprise’s technological efficiency,or it is the direct and regional spillover effect that the human capital has on the enterprise’s technological efficiency,the heterogeneity in enterprise scale and region exists.Finally,The government’s tax and subsidyactionsare the main cause of enterprise’s technical efficiency fluctuation.The tax and subsidy policy impact of listed companies can explain 83.41%of the enterprise technical efficiency fluctuation,and the tax impact can explain 93.17%of the policy fluctuation.The comprehensive influence of government policies leads to the net loss of technical efficiency of listed companies is 0.0693.The policy impact constituted by tax and subsidy faced by general industrial enterprises can explain 95.04%of the technical efficiency fluctuations of enterprises,and the proportion of tax impact can explain 98.72%of the policy fluctuations.The combined effect of government policies resulted in a net loss of technical efficiency of 0.1250.The lower the technical efficiency of the enterprise,the greater the negative effect of tax impact on the technical efficiency of the enterprise.With the improvement of the technical efficiency of the enterprise,the negative effect of tax impact will be weakened,and the relative disadvantage of the positive effect of subsidy impact will be less obvious.However,this regular change is not consistent between different sizes,ownership and regions.The influence of policy impact on listed companies in manufacturing industry is better than that of general enterprises.In the above conclusion,three levels of policy implications are contained.On the micro level,enterprises should fully realize the importance of human capitalaccumulation and employees’training on labor skills and professional quality in improving enterprises’technical efficiency.On the one hand,the enterprise shall train employees using flexible methods such as lectures,job rotation,seminars and case studies,to regularly update knowledge and reduce human capital depreciation.On the other hand,the enterprise shallaccelerate the introduction of highly-educated high-end talents with higher technical level.In addition,the enterprise shall give full play to the role of corporate rules and regulations to standardize the behavior by virtue of the system,reducing internal operating costs and optimizing the internal human capital allocation of the enterprise.On the medium level,local governments,especially the county and municipal governments,should improve the technical efficiency of enterprises starting from two aspects.（1）They should clearly define the development orientation,actively encourage the development of leading industries,attract the enterprises related to leading industries to settle in the local areas,upgrade the agglomerating degree of the same or related industrial enterprises and give full play to the regional spillover effect of enterprises’technical efficiency.（2）They shouldimprove the local labor market,reduce the competition of enterprises in human capital inthe same regionand optimize the regional allocation of human capital.On the macro level,the central government shall comprehensively evaluate the effects of tax incentives and subsidy policies and improve the policy interventions that focus on tax incentives supplemented by subsidies.In addition,it should simultaneously exert the comparative advantages of different policy tools and different policies.Specifically,it should formulate different implementation plans according to different policy tools to make good use of their strengths and weaknesses.For example,in the implementation of the subsidy policy,it should give full play to the role of auditing and supervision and strictly control the basis for committed regime and non-committed regime,preventing the failure of policy expectation caused by the principal-agent action.In addition,it should protect and support micro-enterprises and those enterprises in the underdeveloped regions.The innovation of this paper is reflected in three aspects.First,the research perspective has a certain innovation.Firstly,this paper identifies the degree of influence of training behavior on the technical efficiency of heterogeneous manufacturing enterprises from the level of micro enterprises.Enterprises can consider how to make training decisions according to the heterogeneity characteristics,which cannot be identified by the research based on macro data.Secondly,at the level of local government,this paper uses the micro data of manufacturing enterprises to study the regional spillover effect of technological efficiency and the direct and regional spillover effect of human capital stock on technological efficiency of enterprises.The regional spillover effect is studied from the perspective of micro enterprises from a relatively new perspective.Finally,at the level of the central government,the paper also considers the impact of taxes and subsidies on the technical efficiency of manufacturing enterprises.From the perspective of policy implementation,different policies can be clearly applied to different enterprises to fully realize the precision of policy implementation,and the conclusion is beneficial to optimize policy tools.Second,there are some innovations in parameter estimation and effect identification strategies.First,in the identification of the effect of labor training,this paper considers the endogeneity of training behavior and enterprise technical efficiency,constructs the efficiency equation and enterprise training equation,adopts the simultaneous equation model to solve the endogeneity problem,and provides a parameter estimation method of the binary explained variable model with the existence of endogenous explanatory variables.Secondly,in the spillover study of competition effect,this paper designs a new spatial correlation matrix setting method to identify the spillover intensity and spillover range of manufacturing enterprises’technical efficiency.Finally,in the study of policy combination impact,this paper brings tax and subsidy policies into the same framework for effect identification,which provides an intuitive basis for the selection of policy tools and enriches the research connotation of the use of policy combination tools in related fields.Third,there are some new findings in the study.First of all,the impact of labor force training on the improvement of enterprise technical efficiency is obvious.Compared with the"counterfactual"hypothesis that does not train the labor force,if a manufacturing enterprise trains the labor force or increases its investment in labor force training,the probability of becoming a highly technologically efficient enterprise will be increased.Secondly,enterprise technical efficiency has regional spillover effect.With the expansion of the administrative region where the manufacturing enterprises are located,the spillover effect of the technical efficiency decreases.When the administrative region expands to the province,the spillover effect of the technical efficiency becomes less obvious.Finally,the combined impact of tax and subsidy leads to the net loss of technical efficiency of manufacturing enterprises.Only less than 20%of enterprises have a net increase in technical efficiency under the influence of tax and subsidy policies.It is found that listed companies are less affected by tax and subsidy than general manufacturing enterprises. |
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