The Study On Accounting Of Value Loss Induced By Urban Air Pollution

City is the symbol of civilization and flourish of human society,which is a syntheses with a large population, and the center of politics,economy, culture, education, science and technology of country andregion. City also plays a key role in the national economy. The processof urbanization is accelerating with developing of national economy.Air pollution has become one of major city environmental problemsdue to the more consumption on energy by city. As far as the system ofnational economy accounting is concerned, we can not to just only carethe speed of economy. We must consider substantially the cost ofresource and environment for maintaining such economy developingspeed, so it is necessary to deduct the loss of resource consumption andenvironmental pollution from the index of economy developing. Theloss of environmental pollution is economy loss attributed to humanactivities, which destroy or pollute environment and bring ondegradation of some environment's function. To account the economicloss induced by city air pollution is an important part of environmentalpollution loss accounting.The loss induced by city air pollution includes many aspects. Thetwo most important aspects, one is induced by the damage of airparticulates and dioxide and other pollutants to the human's health, theother is induced by the damage to materials caused by acidic matter inatmosphere, which is a another primary form of air pollution.According to the results from many well-done studies of domesticand international authoritative institutions on epidemiology and acidprecipitation, our research identified the relativeconcentration-response functions and establish mathematical model forpollution loss accounting, which be applied to case studies of twotypical cities of Jilin province.To evaluate the economic loss induced by air pollution forharming health generally run under such following steps: ①to set upconcentration-response function between air pollutant's concentrationand citizens' mortality and morbidity;②to identify the people thatexposure to air pollution;③to choose the standard of assessment, andevaluate health effects based on the concentration's change of local airpollutants. ④to carry out monetary estimation of health loss inducedby air pollution.Exposure to air pollution can increase one's chance ofexperiencing health problems, with a broad spectrum of acute andchronic health effects ranging from sub-clinical effects to death.Sub-clinical symptoms like physiological and bio-chemical changes(for example, lung function, nonspecific immune function, humoralfunction) are excluded from this analysis, however, because of thedifficulties in identifying their prevalence and evolution. According tothe available baseline data of diseases in China, the quantifiable healtheffects in our analysis include mortality, hospitalization, hospital visits,acute upper respiratory tract infection, and chronic bronchitis)The effect of air pollutants to health is coordinated effect ofseveral pollutants, but the inhalable particulate matter (PM10) plays thekey role according to recent study.As far as the selection of C-R function is concerned, the mostimportant step is identifying the coefficient. Our study choose thatbased on international and domestic study, the standards are: (1) theresult of long and large scale study;(2) if there are more than one resulton a same health effect, applying Meta analysis to estimate a "averagelevel" to reduce the uncertainty for relying on single study;(3) choosedomestic study result as possible. For the monetary estimation of healthloss, Human capital approach, Willingness-to-pay approach and Fruitcomparing approach are the most common ways. Human capitalapproach summarizes the economic loss of health damages from threeaspects: premature death, workday loss, and excess medicalexpenditure. Willingness to pay is the amount that an individual iswilling to pay (or accept) to reduce (or endure) the risk of dying orillness. This may be elicited from stated or revealed preferencetechnology. Fruit comparing approach take advantage of those relativeresults based on other basic approaches. The typical fruit comparingapproach analysis include 4 steps: literature filtering;value adjusting,calculating the unit value of unit time;calculating discount.Atmospheric acid precipitation is defined that acidic matter inatmosphere (such as SO2,NOx,H2SO4,HNO3 and particulate matters)descend to earth surface as the forms of dry and wet.To evaluate the economic loss induced by acid precipitation is carriedout generally based on following steps: ①to select the scale ofmaterials be evaluated;② to identify dose-response function and lifefunction;③ to probe the materials inventory of target place;④toevaluate economic loss according to the price of materials market,Dose-response function is a kind of mathematical function thatexpresses the relationship between materials' speed of cauterizationand air pollution level, which take the form of formula to express thedamage of all kinds of factors to materials. And it is the importantfoundation of analyzing and calculating the economic loss induced bymaterials' loss. Scientists abroad have advanced many kinds ofmaterial's dose-response function, but only a tiny portion of whichcould be applied to our country. Theoretically, the evaluation ofeconomic loss must choose those dose-response functions of materialswith similar performance under similar geographic and meteorologicalconditions. The dose-response functions chosen by this study includestwo parts, one is relation suggested in a study — acid rain's damage tomaterials in south China, the other part is experiential life formula. Weget some kind of materials' damage threshold from the studies ofNaning and Guangzhou.The State Council authorized the State Environmental ProtectionAdministration to authorize Jilin province become the experimentalprovince of national ecological province construction. To accountenvironmental pollution loss is an important part of green nationaleconomy account, which would help Jilin province's construction ofecological province. Based on the data from the environmentalmonitoring agency of Jilin province, we choose Jilin City and Sipingcity as the representative cities to calculate health loss and materialsloss respectively. The result suggest that the loss induced by airpollution's harm to human health of Jilin City is 686 millions Yuan and428 millions Yuan for different methods on evaluating death,accounting for 2.17% and 1.35% of the GDP of the case study city. Theloss induced by acid precipitation's damage to materials of Siping Cityis 11.593 millions Yuan.