Higher plants constitute one of our most important natural resources, which provide not only foodstuffs, fibers, and woods, but also many chemicals, such as flavorings, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. Although plants are renewable resources, some species are becoming more difficult to obtain in sufficient amounts to meet increasing demands. Plant cell cultures offer promising alternatives for the production of the useful secondary metabolites because totipotency enables plant cells to produce the chemicals in vitro. After extensive empirical trials, some metabolites are now being produced by large-scale cell culture. However, the numbers of compounds that are producible commercially by cell culture technology are still very few. One of the main limitations is the low...
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