Surveillance Study On Adamantane Resistance Among Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses Isolatedfrom Mainland Of China

Influenza, also known as flu, is a highly contagious viral disease which infecting the respiratory tract primarily. Clinical symptoms include sudden illness, high fever, muscle aching, headache, occasional nausea and vomiting, and fatigue, dry cough, sore throat, stuffed or runny nose. Most people will be recovered within one or two weeks. Influenza has a short incubation time, transmission through droplets, people got infection easily because of the frequently antigenic mutation of influenza virus, and all these factors make it too difficult to control. Although influenza epidemic regularly occur during flu season, but flu pandemic can occur in any time of year and can quickly spread around the world. There are different epidemic season between the southern and the northern of China. It occurs in winter and spring in the Northern China but in whole year in Southern China, there are two epidemic peaks in summer and winter respectively in southern China. There are three types of influenza viruses, known as A, B, and C. Type A and B, are more dangerous than type c to human, type A influenza can mutate frequently, and most likely cause pandemic, which is one of the most dangerousness to human. Influenza is a class-C notifiable disease in China.As the first global surveillance infection disease, the international influenza network, called FluNet, consists of about 112 national influenza centers in more than 80 countries. China started influenza surveillance in 1952, Chinese National Influenza Center was found in 1957, returning to WHO's global influenza surveillance network in 1981. Since 2000, Ministry of Health of China established a five-year cooperation program with WHO to develop the influenza surveillance system. Now a national wide influenza surveillance network which covering 31 provinces has been developed, totally 198 sentinel hospitals and 63 national influenza labs are in charge of collecting the epidemiological information , isolating influenza virus from the clinical specimens and reporting all information to the national influenza center.There are two types of influenza drugs, one is neuramicinase inhibitors and the other is M2 ionophorous protein inhibitors (amantadine-derived drugs). In 1976, the amantadine and the rimantadine were approved by FDA in 1976and 1993 respectively. Amantadine-derived drugs were used in clinic in many countries because of the low cost. But amantadine-derived...