| The environmental pollution resulting from emission and deposition of ammonia(NH3) from animal manure has become a global concern and an important topic in theenvironmental diplomacy. Nowadays, the research on NH3 emission from animal manurefocuses on some microscopic studies (et. animal housing) in China. While, there is fewresearch on NH3 emission as part of the whole nitrogen cycle. (through the whole courseof "from voidance to land spreading"). Ammonia emission from pig and dairy cowmanure was studied by using nutrient flow methodology applied in the RAINS model.Based on extensive literature review and investigations for several provinces of China,the NH3 Emission Factors (EFs) for pigs and dairy cow were calculated andcharacteristics of NH3 EFs under different breeding types and manure managementoptions were analyzed in the course of "housing (grazing for cow in pasturearea)-storage-field application". Then, scenario analyses of NH3 emission from pig anddairy cow manure in Hebei province were conducted for 2004, aiming to present the NH3emission abatement potential. The results were as follows:1. NH3 EFs for pig and diary cow of China were different with different breedingtypes and manure management options. In household breeding (small holdings), NH3 EFsfor fattening were 4.75～4.93kg NH3/animal·yr ("Biogas model", which refers to thatmanure was stored in biogas pool) and 7.36～7.50 kg NH3/animal·yr ("Compostingmodel", with manure stored and composted on open place). Both were bigger than NH3EFs in intensive breeding (3.13～3.29 kg NH3/animal·yr). In agricultural area, NH3 EFsfor dairy cow were 18.42～18.91kg NH3/animal·yr ("Concrete model" refers to the floorof animal house that was concrete) and 12.27～12.86 kg NH3/animal.yr ("Deep Littermodel", which refers to the straw used as litter in the stall) in small holdings. NH3 EFs inintensive breeding was 15.22～16.26 kg NH3/animal.yr. In pasture area, NH3 EFs of"Concrete model" and "Deep Litter model" in small holdings and in intensive breedingfor dairy cow were 13.28～13.60 kg NH3/animal.yr, 9.32～9.70 kg NH3/animal·yr and12.14～12.80 kg NH3/animal·yr, respectively. In the same production area, NH3 EF fordairy cow in small holdings was bigger than that in intensive holdings, and NH3 EF fordairy cow in agricultural area was bigger than in pasture area at the same breeding type. 2. Characteristics of NH3 emission from pig and dairy cow in the course of "housing(grazing)-storage-land spreading" were as follows: For pig manure, NH3 emissionduring storage was largest for the "Composfing model" in small holdings, while, forintensive breeding and "Biogas model", NH3 emission during housing was largest. Fordairy cow manure, NH3 emission during storage was largest for "Deep Litter model" insmall holdings, while, for "Concrete model" in small holdings and intensive breeding,NH3 emission during housing was the largest.3. The amount of NH3 emission from pig manure in China for 2004 was 4393kt.composed of small-holding emissions and intensive breeding emissions: 3377kt and1016kt, respectively. Compared to the total N excretion, the loss ratio of NH3-N inhousehold breeding and intensive breeding were 32.8％and 18.8％, respectively. The rateof NH3 emission from dairy cow manure in China for 2004 was 154kt, originated fromhousehold breeding and intensive breeding 69kt, 85kt, respectively. The loss ratios ofNH3-N in small holdings and intensive breeding were 21.6％and 14.7％, respectively.4. The amount of NH3 emission from each stage in the course of"housing (grazing)-storage-land spreading" was different. NH3 losses from pig manure were about2230kt～2282kt, 1732kt～1779kt, 297kt～443kt during housing, storage and landspreading, respectively; and from dairy cow manure 62kt～65kt, 59kt～62kt, 18kt～26ktand 8kt～gkt during housing, storage, land spreading and grazing.5. A great NH3 emission abatement potential was presented by scenario analyses.Taken Hebei province as example: 1.) if pig and dairy cow houses in small holdings wereall changed into ones in intensive breeding, and 2.) the anaerobic fermentation operationin storage was used, and 3.) the low NH3 emission measures for land spreading operationwere applied, the rate of NH3 emission from pig and dairy cow manure in Hebei for 2004could have been decreased by about 31％. For abatement of NH3 emission from pigmanure, the most efficient way is to improve the storage. For dairy cow manure,applying the low NH3 emission measures during the spreading would be more suitableway.
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