| Grain hardness is one of the most important wheat quality traits, and the basis on wheat market classification and price. In order to make clear agronomic characters, grain hardness distribution and Pinb allele in wheat, 170 wheat cultivars and lines from Chinese main winter and spring wheat regions were grown in the teaching farm in the Inner Mongolia Agricultural University in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Cluster analysis, grain hardness distribution frequency and Pinb allele were evaluated. Each cultivar was assessed for kernel texture using Single Kernel Characterization System, and the Pinb hardness allele was determined by STS molecular marker. The major results were presented bellow:1. Seventeen winter wheat and 63 spring wheat cultivars(lines) were divided into three groups. The cultivars(lines) in the first and the third groups were associated with better synthetic traits than that in the other groups. Their plant height was moderate, spike length of main stem, available tillers number, grain number and weight per spike were larger than that in the other lines, they were suitable for hybrid parent in wheat breeding. Five cultivars had smaller plant height, plant toughness, available tillers number, burliness spike number and grain weight per spike than that in the others, they were not suitable for hybrid parent in wheat breeding.2. Grain hardness index and their single kernel distribution frequency were analysed in 89 spring wheat and 21 winter wheat cultivars(lines), which were screened from 170 wheat cultivars(lines). The result indicated that grain hardness index of winter and spring wheat cultivars was different from 7±19 to 80±16. Frequency of soft, hard, and mixed spring wheat were 18.0%, 28.1% and 53.9%, respectively. Among the five Chinese spring wheat regions, hard wheat shared higher percentage in the Northeast Chinese Spring Wheat Region than that in the other four spring wheat regions. Ratio of mixed spring wheat was higher in the North Chinese Spring Wheat Region and the Northwestern Spring Wheat Region than that in the other spring wheat regions. For single kernel hardness distribution frequency was concerned, soft spring wheat cultivars had 31%～98% of their kernels with hardness≤33 and 0%～9% of their kernels≥60, and their average hardness index were 1±16～40±13. Hard spring wheat cultivars had 1%～10% of the kernels≤33 and 23%～94% of their kernels≥60, and hardness index were 50±15～80±16. Cultivars associated 11%～53% of their kernels with hardness≤33 and 11%～48% of their kernels with hardness≥60 were characterized as being "mixed", their hardness index was different from 29±27 to 56±21. 1000-kernel weight and grain diameter were higher in North Chinese Spring Wheat Region than that in the other regions(except Xinjiang Spring Wheat Region). The frequency of soft, hard and mixed winter wheat was 47.6%, 23.8% and 28.6%, respectively.3. Pinb-D1a and Pinb-D1b alleles were evaluated using STS molecular marker. The result showed that twenty soft wheat cultivars, twenty hard and thirty-three mixed wheat cultivars were associated with Pinb-D1a allele, and four soft, fourteen mixed and eight hard wheat cultivars were with Pinb-D1b allele in 104 tested wheat cultivars. Longchun15 and P187 had neither Pinb-D1a nor Pinb-D1b, S-51/Yun8, Shenmian90 and Puyou9175 had both Pinb-D1a and Pinb-D1b. In 38 tested spring wheat lines, twenty spring lines, including twelve soft and eight mixed wheat lines, were associated with Pinb-D1a, fourteen soft and four mixed lines were with Pinb-D1b.
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