The Contents And QTL Analysis Of Main Mineral Contents In Wheat Grain

As the second-largest crop, many essential mineral of wheat can not meet the human needs just as other major staple crops. Developing mineral-enrichied stable plant foods either through traditional plant breeding methods or via molecular biological techniques, is a powerful tool to combat mineral malnutrition. In this paper, So it is signiificant to determine and analyze the mineral content, and study the genetic with Quantitative trait loci (QTL) in different varieties of wheat.1 Analyses of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn Contents in Grains and grouping based on the contents for Main Kindred Germplasm of Commom Wheat.The mineral nutrition is an important aspect of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain quality, and becomes one of the most important targets for breeding. The main kindred germplasm of common wheat, which carry many fine genes, act as important donors in the evolution and breeding of common wheat. To screen breeding materials from these kindred germplasm with high or low mineral element content, we assessed the content level of four essential elements (iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) in grain of 19 main kindred germplasm of common wheat in 2005-2006. The common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring was employed as control. After dry digestion, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were determined by flame atomic accessory spectrometry (FAAS).The results showed that the mean content and the improving potential of all materials were 50.94μg g-1 and 121.94% for Fe, 34.89μg g-1 and 40.46% for Zn, 6.96μg g-1 and 41.17% for Cu, 33.21μg g-1 and 73.03% for Mn, respectively. Based on the contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, all materials were classified into three groups by using clustered analysis. T. turanicum was classified as Fe rich material with the highest content of 124.32μg g-1. T. boeoticum, T. monococcum, and other four samples were classified as Zn rich materials, whose Zn content on average was 49.91μg g-1. T.aestivum concv. Ramulostachye, and Triticale (8X) were classified as Cu rich materials, whose Cu content on average was 8.66μg g-1. T. spelta was classified as Mn rich materials, with the highest content of 63.85μg g-1. The Tetraploid materials had the highest mean contents of Fe, Zn and Mn, and the Octoploid materials had the highest mean content of Cu. The materials with AABB genome had the highest mean contents of Fe, Zn and Mn, followed by the materials with AA genome. The materials with AABBDDRR genome had the highest mean content of Cu. These results are useful for parent's selection and utilization of fine genes in wheat.2 Determination and Correlation Analysis between the Contents of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and Pigmentation of the Testa in Differernt Color WheatsThe contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and pigmentation of the testa were determined and the correlation analysis were conducted in BLACK76(black epidermis), VICTO(white epidermis) and their nine Sib-lines of hybridized offsprings with different color. The results showed that the contents of 4 elements in wheat were regulated by inheritance and environmental condition; and those in Sib-lines of hybridized offsprings had thesignificant difference, there was difference in genotype. Besides the content of Fe had the significant difference, that of the other elements showed no significant difference in different environmental conditions. The content of pigmentation in the testa had the significant difference between the particular grain wheat and the common wheat in parents and their nine Sib-lines of hybridized offsprings. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the correlation between the contents of pigmentation and Mn was significent; that between the contents of pigmentation and Cu, Fe, Zn was not significent. Therefore, the color of kernel cannot become one of the criterions to judge the content of macronureient. Besides significent difference was found between the contents of Fe and Cu. However, there were no significent difference between other three elements.3 Changes of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn contents of grain and flag leaf during development of wheatTo screen changes of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn contents of grain and flag leaf during development of wheat, we assessed the content level of four essential elements (iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) in common wheat 01-35 and shannong 12 during the development. Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were determined by the flame atom-imbibing spectrum method. The results showed that the changes of Fe concentration were complex in grain, the trend of graphic presented waveing model. The changing trends of Zn, Cu, and Mn concentration were simple, presented"N" model. The 4 element contents of single grain and 1000- grain weight in 01-35 during development of wheat were higher than shannong 12. In the flag leaf, the Fe content increased at first and decreased slowly. The changing of Zn content is not obvious during Early Grain Filling Stage, then decreased to the lowest during the Intermediate Grain Filling Stage, and increased slowly. The changing trend of Cu content decreased during grain development of wheat. The same as Fe, the changing trend of Mn content increased at first and decreased slowly. The result of correlation between various mineral element in grain and flag leaf during development showed that the correlation between the changes of Zn and Mn concentration in grain was significantly positive, and the correlation between the changes of Zn, Mn concentration and 1000- grain weight was significantly negative. In the flag leaf the correlation between the changes of Fe and Mn contents was significantly positive, so did the correlation between the changes Zn and Cu contents, and the correlation between the changes of Fe, Zn, Cu concentration and 1000- grain weight was significantly negative. The correlation of Zn contents change between grain and flag leaf was significantly negative. These results are useful to study the mechanism for transport and utilization of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn in wheat.4 The Variation of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn Contents of Wheat during Milling and Making Chinese Steamed BreadThe contents of Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn were determined in two wheat varieties (Shannong 11 and Shannong 12) and compared with each other during Milling and Making Chinese Steamed Bread. The results showed that the great losses were found in the four elements of two material during milling. And the loss rate of Fe (70.17%) was the highest, which was followed by Mn (66.35%), Cu (62.74%) and Zn (61.40%). In addition, the loss rate of the four elements in shannong 11 is significant higher than shannong 12. The variation of four elements in different material can not reach the significant level during making Chinese steamed bread. These results are useful for improving the Milling and Making Chinese Steamed Bread. 5 QTL analyses of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn contents in wheat grainIn this study, Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn contents in wheat grain were studied using a set of 168 doubled haploid lines, which derived from the cross'Huapei 3'×'Yumai 57'. The DH and parents were evaluated for Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn contents in three environments. A genetic map has been constructed using 283 SSR and 22 EST-SSR markers. QTL analyses were performed using the software of QTLNetwork 2.0 based on the mixed linear model approach. The primary goal of the study described here was to detect QTLs with additive effects, epistatic effects, and QE intections for Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn contents, which would be useful for manipulating the QTLs for Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn contents by maker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programmes. The main results were as follows:1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation were performed using the statistical software SPSS version 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, USA) program. The wide range of variation in the investigated traits and the normal phenotypic distributions indicated transgressive segregations, suggesting polygenic inheritance of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn contents. Both absolute values of skewness and kurtosis were less than 1.0, indicating suitability of the data for QTL analysis. It was shown that the heritability of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn were 38.68%, 30.26%, 12.95% and 11.01%.2. Ten QTLs with additive effects were detected Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn contents in three environments, ranging from one to three QTLs for each trait, which were distributed on 10 of the 21 chromosomes. Three QTLs were resolved for Fe contents and mapped on chromosomes 1B, 2A and 5D. Three QTLs were detected for Zn contents and located on chromosomes 3D, 5A and 5B. Three QTLs associated with Cu contents were detected on chromosomes 1D, 2B and 4D. Only one QTLs were resolved for Mn contents and mapped on chromosomes 3A. Twenty-three pairs of QTLs with epistatic effects were detected for Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn contents in three enveronments, ranging from four to seven QTLs for each trait. Seven pairs of epistatic effects were detected for Fe contents and located on chromosomes 1A-2D,1B-3A, 1B-2A, 2A-5A, 2D-4A and 4A-6B. Six pairs of epistatic effects were identified for Zn contents and located on chromosomes 1D-5D, 2D-5B, 3A-7A, 3A-5D and 4D-6A. Six pairs of epistatic effects were resolved Cu contents and located on chromosomes 1B-1B, 1B-2D and 2A-6A. Four pairs of epistatic QTLs for Mn contents were resolved and located on chromosomes 1D-7B, 3B-6A and 4B-6D.