Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common continual cardiac arrhythmia in clinic. It' s morbidity will be obviously higher as age grows and it is up to 10% in those people above the age of 80. It is the major reason for stroke and heart failure and severely damage the health of affected patients. Some studies have shown that vagal influence is important in the initiation and maintenance of AF. Vagal ganglionic cells are located in the epicardial fat pad. It has been a point of the AF electrophysiological mechanisms study.The epicardial fat pad include the fat pad located between the medial superior vena cava and aortic root (SVC-Ao fat pad), the fat pad at the inferior vena cava - left atrial junction (IVC-LA fat pad) and the fat pad at the right pulmonary vein - atrial junction (RPV fat pad). The parasympathetic postgangl ionic fibers...
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