| This four-part dissertation is about opium overrunning which jeopardized China in middle and late Qing Dynasty and the temporal doctors' views and treatment on opium addiction. This dissertation is also studying the responses of Qing government and people.Preface, the first part, introduces the emergence history of opium taking in methods which made this medicine into drug.The second part is the review on the opium drug in middle and late Qing Dynasty. Due to the continued dumping of opium from the imperialist and the corruption of Qing government, the opium overrunning gigantically jeopardized the individual life and body, what's more, the nation economy and society. Every class in Qing Dynasty made their own responses to the opium overwhelming. The Opium-Prohibition made by Qing government did not cut off the opium resources, and lately opium domestically planting permission diffused the opium evil. Some individuals wrote books to publicize the opium evil, such as Opium Information, Discussion on Smoking Opium, The History of Opium Evil in China. They had compiled some straightaway ballads and set up rehabilitation societies to save people from opium. Doctors searched for ways to treat addicts, and at the same time, they joined in the social activities and set up rehabilitation centers, such as Ding's rehabilitation centers set up by Ding Zezhou.The third part introduces the TCM rehabilitation research in Qing Dynasty in three aspects. Firstly, doctors paid much attention to opium problem, which was recorded in many temporal books, four of them were monographs on opium rehabilitation: Effective Prescription on Saving Addicts (1833), Complete Rehabilitation Methods (1854), Simple Opinions on De-addiction (1909), Opium Rehabilitation Methods (1911).Secondly, doctors had cognizance of symptoms of opium addiction and put forward many theories on etiology and pathology of the addiction. Finally, doctors introduced the TCM principles into the addiction treatments. According to the specific characteristics of opium addiction, the special treatment system came into being gradually. Many rehabilitation ways and kinds of prescriptions were found. Doctors had different opinions on whether opium should be used in rehabilitation prescriptions, while they all animadverted on the morphine usage in rehabilitation prescriptions in late Qing Dynasty.The forth conclusion part summarizes the relation between opium addiction and society and culture in Qing Dynasty; then summarizes the inspiration for today from which the responses were taken in Qing Dynasty. The conclusions are as follows:A. The opium is a problem cared by doctors as well as by the whole society. The government plays the most important role in dealing with it. The disability and corruption of Qing government was the root of opium overwhelming.B. As opium can be used as drug or medicine, the government should control its usage strictly. People should abjure the idea of enjoying themselves by drugs, identify the stand or fall of fangles and avoid following blindly.C. Opium prohibition and rehabilitation may boost each other. Lin Zexu, the most attention-worthy man in Opium-Prohibition Movement, executed the feat of Destruction of Opium at Humen (Hu Men Xiao Yan) as well as asked doctor He Qiwei to search for rehabilitation prescriptions and popularized them which boosted their applications.D. According to the visible symptoms of opium addiction and TCM theories, doctors put forward the hypotheses on opium by presuming its the site and pathology. Meanwhile, the hypotheses were enriched through ages. TCM also used the terms of western medicine after it had been introduced into China, which benefited TCM itself.E. Some methods and pills of opium rehabilitation played an important role in refraining from opium in Qing Dynasty, which are still used in clinic practice now. Differentiation of symptoms and signs is the superiority of TCM treatment in refraining from opium. However, it is worth of being done to spread the way of treating the addition opium by using Chinese herbs and TCM nursing after treatment as well.F. Opium rehabilitation is still a difficult problem nowadays. Considering the specific opium dependence, doctors substituted opium products, subordinates or similar function-producing drugs for opium. Whether it was appropriate is an argumentative issue from Qing Dynasty to now. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of hereditary addiction and the relationship between opium and addiction are still in the researching exploring. Obviously, the appropriate ways for medical problems may acquire remorseless efforts by several generations' efforts.
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