| Objective:1.For the purpose of studying the difference of the concentration of PM2.5 and its elements between a nickel contaminated area and control area, the concentration of PM2.5 and its elements as well as their changes upon the time has been analyzed.2. In order to explore the possible elements contributing to the difference of cardiovascular disease biomarkers of residents between these two areas, the elements of the personal PM2.5 in the air and the level of some cardiovascular disease biomarkers in subjects'plasma have also been compared.Methods:1. According to the purpose of this study, two cities were respectively selected as the nickel-contaminated area and its control area, ambient PM2.5 in their communities was sampled, concentration of PM2.5 were analyzed and its elements were determined with X ray fluorescence spectrometer from March to September in 2009. At the same time, the data of API of these two areas were collected from their local air quality monitory net.2.30 nonsmoking, healthy, aged from 60-65 and female subjects were respectively recruited from a nickel-contaminated area and control area, which had been chosen for their local conditions in this study. Their PM2.5 was sampled by personal PM2.5 monitor for 24 hours, all the subjects donated 5 ml blood to test cardiovascular diseases risk biomarkers including IL-6, CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and MCP-1 in their plasma. After that,10 of 30 subjects were randomly chosen to continue the sampling of personal PM2.5 and blood twice during the next consecutive two months, and with the result of their detection in the concentration of elemental contents and CVD risk markers respectively, the variances of these personal data were analyzed. With statistic analysis of the differences of the elements in the PM2.5 and PM2.5 concentration, as well as the plasma level of cardiovascular diseases risk biomarkers between the nickel-contaminated area and control area, the possible relationships between some elements of PM2.5 and some CVD markers were explored.Results:1. Analysis of PM2.5 and its elements in two areas(1)There was no significant difference between the concentration of PM2.5 in nickel-contaminated area and that in control area, while there existed apparent differences in their 22 elements, which were Mg, Cl, P, Si, S, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Se, Sr, Sn, Cd, Ga, Rb, In, As, Zn and Pb. Among these diverse elements, P, Co, Ni, Cu, Se, As and Br were found to have higher concentration in the PM2.5 of the nickel-contaminated area than its control area, while the lefts were found to be lower. Besides, the results also showed that Mn, Ni, Cu, As and Se owned bigger differences among these diverse elements.(2)A11 the concentration of Mn, Ni, Cu, As and Se correlated with the concentration of PM2.5 in the nickel-contaminated area as well as in the control area except Se.(3) The concentration fluctuation of PM2.5 upon the time during the sampling period showed similar trends, both of which presented a big peak on April 23rd and May 1st. What's more, parallel trends were also found to exist between PM2.5 and its elements of Mn, Ni, Cu, As and Se in both areas but at different concentration level (Ni, Cu, As and Se at higher level in the nickel-contaminated area, while Se at a lower level).(4)In the contrast of month average concentrations, PM2.5 in the nickel-contaminated were comparable with its control area, while its elements of Ni, Cu, As and Se displayed at a higher concentration level but Se at a lower one than the control area.(5) No significant difference of API (Air Pollution Index) was found between the nickel-contaminated and control area, both of which were above 50. Besides, the monthly change of it and PM2.5 concentration showed consistent trend not only in each of these two areas but also between them.2. Analysis of personal PM2.5, its elements and plasmal level of CVD biomarkers in two areas (1) There were significant differences of 12 elements in PM2.5 (including S, K, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Se, Rb, In, As and Zn) between the nickel-contaminated area and the control area, but not in their own concentration, during the period of population study. Among these diverse elements, S, Ni, Cu, Co, Se and As were found to have higher concentration of PM2.5 in nickel-contaminated area than that in control area, while the lefts were found to be lower. Besides, the results also showed that the concentration of Mn, Ni, Cu, As and Se owned the bigger differences among these diverse elements.(2)There existed no significant difference in the concentration of personal PM2.5 between the nickel-contaminated area and the control area, while its 17 elements were found to be significantly different in the nickel-contaminated area and the control area in concentration. Among these diverse 17 elements, the concentration of Na, Fe, Ba, S, Co, As, Se, Sb, Cu and Ni were higher in the nickel-contaminated area than in the control area, while the left were lower. And the concentration of Mn, Ni, Cu, As and Se exhibited the bigger differences.(3) Among the five cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers, the plasma level of IL-6 and CRP were found to be higher in the subjects of nickel-contaminated area than the controlled area.(4) In the nickel-contaminated area, no significant difference was found in the concentration of PM2.5 and its elements of Mn, Ni, Cu, As and Se among the 3 times' personal PM2.5 detection results, while apparent differences were only presented in the its elements of Na, P and Sn (P<0.05), and Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Ga, In and Sb (P<0.01).And in the control area, the 3 consecutive analyzing results showed the similar condition in the concentration of PM2.5 and its elements of Mn, Ni, Cu, As and Se, but only the concentration of Si was found to have difference among the 3 repeated analyzing results; Between the personal PM2.5 of these two areas, significant differences were only existed in the concentration of Ni, As, Se, Mn, In and Cu in first sampling, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ba, Sb and in the second sampling and Mn, Ni, As, Cu and Se in the third sampling.(5) Significant differences were only found to exist in the plasmal level of sICAM-1 in the nickel-contaminated area and MCP-1 and sVCAM-1 in the control area among the 5 CVD biomarkers'testing result of the 3 times'consecutinve blood collection. However, no significant difference was showed in the plasmal levels of the 5 CVD biomarkers between the nickel-contaminated area and its control area.Conclusion:1. During the entire sampling period, the air PM2.5 in the nickel-contaminated area has the comparable concentration and the similar concentration fluctuation with its control area. Besides, these two places also share same primary air pollutant-PM10 and similar value of API.And the fluctuation of the month average concentration of PM2.5 and the month average value of API are resemble not only in either one of these two places, but also between them. However, the major different elements in their PM2.5 are Mn, Ni, Cu, As and Se, among which, the concentration of Ni, Cu, As and Se are higher, while Mn is lower, in the nickel contaminated area than its control area.2. Ni and Cu are the primary elements of PM2.5 in the nickel-contaminated area to contribute to its population's higher vulnerability in cardiovasvular diseases. The subjects from nickel-contaminated area are more prone to get the cardiovascular diseases than subjects from the control area;...
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