Research On The Consideration, Adherence And Inheritance On The Spirits Of Shi Of Qian Mu

In the later years of 19th century, the Chinese intellectual elite increasingly devoted themselves to run newspapers and magazines and to set up modern schools with the aim of imparting new knowledge.During this period, with the corruption of the policy of imperial ideology, many institutions, which shouldered the responsibility for exploring new thoughts,imparting new knowledge and criticizing political current situation,came out.In this transforming times,these three new things, inferred in former text,mainly aimed at imparting new thoughts and new knowledge, brought many changes in Chinese society and ideological field.These changes embodied specifically in two sides:firstly, the conditional "shi" community initially converted to intellectual;secondly, the system of value orientation in Chinese ideological field faced a crisis. Under this condition, with the fluctuation of social status,intellectuals could not take on the traditional "shi" s role of harmonizing the society.in Qian MU's opinion, the intellectuals should be largely responsible for the chaosic situation in modern china.Exploring the discontinous stages in transition for intellectuals should be traced back into the historical circumstances in modern history.Chinese intellectuals were shocked by the magnificent achievements of industial civilization, and gradually were inclined to "Western Learing",and some of them even "adored Western Learing highly as the god and the heaven".Whereas Qian Mu had an opposite attitude.He discovered "shi" as a class which was the ciritical power to keep Chinese ethnic groups and civilization last for thousands of years."Shi" as a community, which launched many campaigns in Chinese history, developed an updated and relatively steady value system, namely "the sprits of shi".In this transitional period of intellectual emergence(namely an epoch mixed with massive disoders),many intellectuals inclined to the view that "Western Learning" can save the nation. Comparatively, they ascribed "tradition" to be outdated in a certain way of simple and rough dichotomy. therefore, "shi", as the role of taking on inheriting traditional culture, along with "the spirits of shi", failed in assuming responsility for moulding intellectuals'personalities which they should be deserved.Factually,the interpretation of "the spirits of shi" as a hidden clue runs through Qian Mu's masterpieces.He considered that learning shoud be "studying the relationship between heaven and human and the changes from the ancient to today, and exploring what knowledge can be applied in the present situation.Despite of this, the spirits of "shi" should not be reserved completely.In the period of the regime falling into anarchy alongside confronting the threat of invading from western powers, Qian Mu held the strong view that the spirit of "insisting until the opportunity comes" should be more cherished in the warfare age.In other side, he admitted that "the division of Chinese and foreigners" should be aroused the intellectual's alert.Besides, Qian Mu acclaimed that "newly national history"with the emergence of "newly national shi" would be recorded under the condition of combination of western culture and the traditional Chinese historical ideas.In his teaching career with more than seventy years,inheritance of the spirits of "shi" was always the substance of his educational philosophy. With the interpretation of the spirits of "shi" as well as the application of new theory to teaching,Qian Mu had definitely outlined the characteristics and categories of "shi" and the spirits of "shi", and all his done would serve the adherence of "spirit" tradition and the inheritance of the spirits of"shi".