The Contribution Of Han Intellectuals Who Surrendered To Qing Dynasty In The Process Of Qing Dynasty's Establishment

In ancient China, when the new regime alternates the old one, the problem those intellectuals must faced is that whether surrender the new regime or be loyal to the old one. Their behavior usually be regard as a criterion to judge them loyal or not. In ancient China, those who surrendered and served the new regime were criticized frequently as typical characters by the people at that time. Especially the intellectuals who surrendered Qing dynasty had suffered the more criticism in ancient history of China. In the view of adherents of Ming dynasty and ruler of Qing's ruler (especially emperor Qianlong), these intellectuals seemed to be traitors and had unpardonably vicious for ever. After researching their behavior carefully, however, it revealed that these extreme criticisms are not proper. Because in the course of the establishment and consolidation of Qing regime, those intellectuals had made a positive role and great contribution to the new regime. On the basis of our predecessors and standing at new historical point of view, this thesis takes intellectuals who surrendered Qing dynasty as a case and try to give a comprehensive evaluation of their positive role in the early Qing dynasty.