The Utopia Of Freedom

The Europe in the middle 19th century was just like a battle field of all thoughts. The 1848 revolution announced the Utopian socialism's death and liberalism's failure. All estates put forward their theories respectively to earn their position in history. And the Bakunin's Anarchism was born in that background.Michail Alexandrowitsch Bakunin is really a controversial person. On one hand, Bakunin contributed a lot to European revolution, on the other hand, Bakunin also made some destruction to the international workingmen's revolution. Due to Bakuin and Marx's conflict, the International Workingmen's Association was disbanded. For its special historical position, Anarchism was paid lots attention. During the 1920s and 1930s, the research on Bakunin even reached a peak. To criticize Anarchism, some writings of Bakunin were translated into Chinese, which had distinctive political prejudice.Bakunin's life is full of revolution and fighting. He had transferred his mind from theoretical research to real struggle, and hungered for spiritual freedom as well as physical freedom. His complicated personal experience resulted his complicated thoughts, and his Anarchism has the background of Russian history as well as Hegelianism. As a social revolutionist, Bakunin emphasized real revolution instead of Anarchism theory system. So, Bakunin was more practical than other revolutionist. And the Anarchism is just painful confession of a desperate Russia ideologist.The Collective Anarchism is usually misunderstood as a simple theory of "destroy every country and all kinds of religions", but it is not the real content of Bakunism. Bakunin spent most his life in West Europe, and he was influenced by all kinds of theories. Freedom was also a dream Bakunin wanted to realize. However, Liberalism usually discuss freedom under the framework of state and law, but Bakunin had a difference attitude towards state and law. Essentially, the Collective Anarchism is a destructive theory, which sets its base on the criticism of state, theology , science and all kinds of authorities. In Bakuin's thought, the society was "unnatural": state insults the freedom, religion brings the destruction of human ration, and fetishism of science results in sacrifice of humanity. Only after the death of artificial authority, the society would go back to its normal orbit, and the fully development of human beings would be realized. Bakunin designed the future society as a "totally equal and free society". In such society, every people can enjoy the...