The Adjustments Of Jin Shizong's Policies On Qidan People And Their Social Impacts

In the early 12th Century, Nvzhen nation who lived between the White Hills and Black River rose and established a strong Jin Dynasty, and then ruined Liao and Song Dynasty, ruled northern part of China for 120 years. In order to rule of former remains, especially for Qidan nation, Jin Dynasty had spent lots of their thoughts, and at different stages they also constantly adjusted their policies. Particularly Jin Shizong who enthroned when both internal and external of Jin Dynasty were facing to dangerous situation and the Qidan uprising was in climax, had to rethink the former policies on Qidan people, so as to make a big adjustment. However, the current academic researches on the issue are still weak. So far there aren't books and articles on Jin Shizong's policy on the Qidan nation have been seen yet. Therefore, this paper will make a systematic and comprehensive exposition to Jin Shizong'policies on Qidan from multiple perspectives . Not only involved the supervisory and preventive measures to the Qidan, but also involved the comfort policy on Qidan. Not only exposited the appointment of Qidan officials, but also stressed the compassion to Qidan people. In addition, This paper also tries to make a more objective assessment of the policies.During the time of Jin Taizu, Jin Dynasty was facing the major task of ruining Liao Dynasty, but Liao States was a big country founded 200 years ago, Nvzhen was just flourishing. Consequently, to ruin Liao Dynasty, was not an easy task. So Jin Taizu adopted a series of strategic measures. The most important thing was to offer amnesty and extermination to disintegrate Liao Dynasty and forced many Qidan people joined the Jin kingdom voluntarily or not. After ruined Liao dynasty, Jin Taizu Organized the former remains by their own organization Meng An Mou Ke, and constantly comforted them, But some of the Liao Dynasty'remains still hated Jin Dynasty, for had ruined their country. So in order to prevent the Qidan people who lived in the northwest border region making troubles, Jin Taizu adopted a policy to move them to Nvzhen's mainland. During the time of Jin Taizong, many nomadic tribes in the northwest border region of China had not succumbed to the power of the Jin Dynasty. Yelv DaShi was also in the vicinity of Outer Mongolia inciting those tribes to rebel Jin Dynasty and joined the Western Liao Dynasty. And at that time though Xixia Dynasty had succumbed to the Jin Dynasty, there was still friction with the Jin Dynasty. In addition, at that time Jin Dynasty also faced the task of fighting Song, so can not devote much forces to defense the threat that the northwest border of China was facing. So Jin Dynasty decidedly changed the measure that moved those northwest tribes to Nvzhen's mainland, instead, made them live in their primary place. And they still used the tribal system of Liao Dynasty to organize them, so as to take advantage of them to against those Mongolian nomadic tribes and Xixia empire'invasion. Meanwhile in order to combat with Song Dynasty as well as the need to expand Jin forces, Jin Taizong also appointed a large number of Qidan officials, so as to win the Qidan people to stand in the side of Jin Dynasty. At the period of Xizong and Hailing ,the territories of Jin Dynasty was further expanded, together with the two princes'nation opinions were more open, so the principles of the rule to Qidan were still the same as before, and were expanded, restructed and consolidated in all respects. That made the relation between Qidan and Jin Dynasty reach an unprecedented level of integration together. However, at the late time of Hailing prince, Hailing prince was obsessed by becoming a king of the world, he began to collect soldiers in the whole country to conquer Song Dynasty. He made an order to collect all the Qidan strong soldiers, that resulted in a large-scale uprising of Qidan pastoral nations.When Jin Shizong enthroned, the uprising of Qidan pastoral nations was in full swing, which had created a great shock to Jin Shizong. In addition there were many difficulties in ruling Qidan, on one hand, although Jin Dynasty had practiced a lot to win the Qidan people, there were still many Qidan people had the psychology that don't cooperate with Jin Dynasty, such as Tianfu 7th year (1123) in April, Qidan JiuJin colluded a party and made troubles in XingZhong house sites. Tianfu 7th year in March, Yelv MaZhe told that YuDu, WuShi and DuoLa poled party to rebel Jin Dynasty .The other hand, the rule of the Qidan people was still faced with the threat of external factors. At the begin of Jin Dynasty, in order to recover the place of 16 states of Yanyun that had been wanted to recover for a long time, Song Dynasty made the "sea Alliance" with Jin Dynasty, and decided to ruin Liao Dynasty together with Jin Dynasty. But during the time of ruining Liao Dynasty together with Jin Dynasty, kinds of contradictions came from the two sides, Song Dynasty dissatisfied with the result, so Song Dynasty wanted to win Qidan people as an alliance that can strengthen their own force and also can weaken the strength of Jin Dynasty. Therefore, once they had the opportunity, they fanned the flames of the Qidan people, and constantly lured them to rebel. After ruining Liao Dynasty, YeLv DaShi led parts of solders of Liao Dynasty and fled the Central Asian region to establish a Western Liao Dynasty. Western Liao Dynasty regarded themselves as the successors of Liao Dynasty. So they always had the thought of recover Liao Dynasty. Therefore, they were the same as Song Dynasty, once they had a chance, they would lure the Qidan people, in addition, during the period from Jin Taizu to Hailing prince, the policy on the Qidan people had a certain degree of error, so that there were psychological boundaries between the Qidan people and Jin Dynasty.Based on above reasons, Jin Shizong decided to adjust the policies on Qidan people. On one hand, he made a more stringent monitor to prevent Qidan people rebelling. The first policy after he enthroned was to use the method of win together with Suppress to quell the Qidan Uprising, and then he changed the previous emperors'form of rule to Qidan , repealed the form of rule to Qidan by Meng an Mou ke in the region of Jin Dynasty, and made them under the Nvzhen nation'Meng an Mou ke, and moved Qidan people to live in remote areas and scattered resettlement, made them lived together with the Nvzhen, Han and so on, Shizong encouraged the Qidan people get marriaged with Nvzhen and Han. On the other hand, Shizong also implemented many policies to win over Qidan people, Appointed many Qidan officials , implemented compassionate and relief policies to many Qidan people, paid attention to ease class contradictions, released many Qidan slaves.The policies on Qidan which Jin Shizong had adjusted played a very important role in development of Jin Dynasty and all nations under his rule. Qidan force was weakened to a large degree compared with it in the pre-Jin Dynasty. Meanwhile Shizong also implemented a lot of comfort measures to Qidan people. Thus the Qidan people were able to get along well with Jin Dynasty, the government of Jin also stabled from turmoil. Shizong moved the Qidan people out of the Northwest region, scattered resettlement in the northeast region, made them lived together with the Nvzhen, Han,Xi and other nations, which largely enhanced the Qidan and other nations'integration. Constantly Qidan dissolved into Han nation and Nvzhen nation, it also injected fresh blood to Han nation and Nvzhen nation. So the main constituents of Han nation and Nvzhen nation also changed a lot. So that the Pattern of diversity and unity for the Chinese nation had made a step forward.But the policy also had its shortcomings, it had a profound impact on the development of later Jin Dynasty and the ethnic relations between Qidan and Jin Dynasty. Dading 29th year (1189) in January, Shizong died of ill, his grandson WanYanjing enthroned, he was Jin Zhangzong. Zhangzong complianced the teachings of Shizong, and respected Shizong very much, so inherited Shizong'policy on Qidan very well, his Qidan policy was the continuation and development of Shizong'policy on Qidan. Shizong imposed a series of repressive measures on the Qidan people, that made the ethnic conflicts between Qidan and Jin Dynasty gradually deepen, the hostilities to Jin Dynasty also gradually escalated. But during the period of Shizong, Qidan people'resentments were deeply hidden in their hearts, however, when Jin Dynasty'control to them became slight, their resentment would explode out. At the end of Jin Dynasty, the Qidan people waged a vigorous uprising again, and study the reasons of it,you would find that the fire was buried at the period of Shizong and outbreak at the end of Jin Dynasty.