Study On The Strategy Of Governance Debate For The Land Border In The Ming Dynasty

In recent years, with the in-depth study on the border, the research field develops from the research on the history of the traditional border and the history of ethnic origins of the border to the history of the ethnic relations, and many other directions. For the borderland studies on the Ming Dynasty, the scholars focused much more on ethnic relations, ethnic policy and the governance tactics of the border areas and other researches, but less on the major border controversy and the border decision-making strategies of the Ming Dynasty. The anthor takes three stages to conduct the research on the significant border issues of the Ming Dynasty by the perspective of the governance tactics of the border areas, taking the "The Revolution of TuMu" and "Anda khan's paying tribute" as the cut-off point. On the basis of presenting the controversy on both sides, the author demonstrates the final appraisal of the border controversy and the process of the decision-making formation of Ming Dynasty, and explores its historical characteristics. The full text is divided into five parts:The first part, which is the preface, mainly elaborates the significance of the reason of the selected topic and the present situation of the research on the border of Ming Dynasty, and highlights the academic significance and the reality of caring.The second part discusses the two early controversies of the border in Ming Dynasty: Jiaozhi Bunk dispute during the years of Xuande and the discussion of launching a punitive expedition to Lu Chuan during the year of Zhengtong. From the social realities, Abandoning Jiaozhi in Xuanzong a was undoubtedly the right choice; however, during the years of Zhengtong, the eunuch Wang Zhen thrown his weight around and advocated to launching a punitive expedition to the southwest border for establishing the authority which resulted in the improvement of the poor, and eventually leaded to "The Revolution Of TuMu ". "Three levy Lu Chuan" controversy and decision-making process reflect that the governance tactics of the border areas were affected early by the monopoly of power of the eunuchs and which has brought serious consequences to Ming Dynasty.The third part is about the medium-term controversy of the border. In the medium-term of Ming Dynasty, the state potential was decling, when there was a general crisis at the border: the Loop in northern; Annan in southern; Hami in northwest; offensive problems in northeast, which plagued the authority for a long time. Particularly the problem in northern part, lasting many years until Anda khan's paying tribute in the year of Jialong, and the problem was still unsolved. The border crisis is the gradually declining performance of mid-Ming Dynasty strength, and the eunuch holding the monopoly of power greatly influenced the right decision-making of the border, and which is one of the important features of all the controversies on Ming Dynasty border.The forth part is about the major controversy of the border issue in later period of Ming Dynasty. Taking" Anda khan's being granted with reward and paying tribute to the royal court" as a symbol, the relationship between northern part of the Ming Dynasty and ethnic minorities on border was deadening. In this time, the northeast Nuzhen was gradually being stronger, which became a big trouble to Ming Dynasty. The Pingbo Battle and the She'an Revolution in southwest border not only dispersed large part of the solders, but also intensified the discussion of distracting the reactionary of the border and the controversy of banning the exarches of southwest, which increased the crisis of northeast border. At this time, the Ming Dynasty was a dead-end, and it was unable to resist the fierce offensive from Nuerhachi. In the end, Ming Dynasty was extinct for the crisis of northeast border.The last part is about the review of the whole controversy of the border in Ming Dynasty. The paper recounts from four main aspects. First, the border controversy of the Ming Dynasty is of distinct regional stage. Second, the border controversy of the Ming Dynasty is much influenced by the eunuchs' monopoly of power. Third, the border controversy of the Ming Dynasty is constrained by the border-rule ideology. Fourth, the border controversy of the Ming Dynasty is the important process of frontier Controversy.Ming Dynasty was a great country in the late feudal autocracy, lasting nearly 300 years. Its controversy frontier-rule strategy lasted from early, mid period till the late period of Ming Dynasty. The controversy exists with the whole dynasty which reflects the rise and decline of Ming Dynasty in certain angle. The border controversy being as an important part of the border decision-making plays a very important role in the whole decision-making process. In the controversy, the ministers of the authority and officials of the border involved in the decision-making of the major military issue actively, expressing their opinions, this laid a good foundation for resolving the border issue. However, affected by the eunuchs' monopoly of power and the struggle for power, the decision-making of the border controversy always deviated from the correct path, resulting in the serious consequences to the country and its people, and the more serious of the border crisis. Ultimately, the Ming Dynasty extinct in the rising of the northeast Nuzhen. However, as an effective form of resolving the border issues, the controversy of the royal administration in Ming Dynasty succeeds from Han and Tang Dynasty, and influences Qing Dynasty, which embodies much democratic, and it is the manifestation of historical progress.