| In pantheoretical counseling process-outcome model,client behavior in sessions is one of the most important variables which have influence on counseling outcome. Other variables' relation with outcome,such as therapist response modes,counseling relationship,have been researched much in foreign countries.However,the relation between client's apparent behavior and outcome has been researched little.Limited researches indicate that:insight,affective exploration and cognitive-behavioral exploration are all positively correlated with session outcome;clients think that their insights,affective exploration,cognitive-behavioral exploration and therapeutic changes are very important behaviors in sessions.Client experience in sessions,as one of the important inner behavior variables, has been paid much attention by researchers.Many researches of its relation with outcome have found that:there is positive correlation between experience level and outcome.No matter the experience level is the average of the whole therapy,or the prophase,metaphase,anaphase of therapy,the correlation is always positive.And the correlation has been found in different theory orientations and treatments of different disorders.These limited results were all found out through foreign clients,and the situation of Chinese clients is not clear.Besides,researchers haven't explored if there is interaction between client's apparent behavior and inner experience.To discuss these questions,this research intends to explore the relation between Chinese clients' behaviors in sessions(including apparent behavior and inner experience)and outcome (including session outcome and treatment outcome).29 eases were chosen in a counseling center of a university,and their whole counseling processes were followed.After getting clients' and counselors' approvements,sessions were recorded by videos.Before the first session and after the last session,clients filled out "Outcome Questionnaire",which was used to measure treatment outcome.After every session,clients filled out "Session Evaluation Questionnaire",which was used to measure session outcome.Four parts of the session videos were transcribed,which were 5-10minutes,15-20 minutes,25-30 minutes,35-40 minutes.29 cases got 97 sessions in total.3 first grade graduate students majored in counseling assessed client's apparent behavior,basing on the session videos and transcripts.According to "Client Behavior System",they classified main client behavior in every speaking turn.Another 3 second grade graduate students majored in counseling assessed clients' inner experience level. According to "Experiencing Scale",they assessed mode and peak experience levels in every 5minutes.Measure tools of this research,including "Outcome Questionnaire", "Client Behavior System" and "Experiencing Scale",were all translated into Chinese by our researchers before the research started.Results were as follows:(1)Recounting and cognitive-behavioral exploration were the two kinds most frequently happened client apparent behaviors in sessions,accounted for 54.69%and 30.44%.Other behaviors appeared less.Clients' experience in sessions were low,mode level M=2.92,SD=.52;peak level M=3.48,SD=.46.Both were lower than middle level. There was positive correlation between cognitive-behavioral exploration and experience,rcognitive-behavioral exploration·mode level=.62**,rcognitive-behavioral exploration·peak level=.62**. The correlation between insight and peak level of experience was positive,rinsight·peak level=.34**.There was negative correlation between resistance and experience, rresistance·mode level=-.20**,rresistance·peak level=-.29**.The correlation between recounting and experience was negative,rrecounting·mode level=-.63**,rrecounting·peak level=-.68**.Other apparent behaviors were not correlated with experience.(2)There was only one client apparent behavior—therapeutic changespositively correlated with the positivity dimension and total score of session outcome, rchanges·positivity=.30**,rchanges·total=.22*.All other apparent behaviors were not correlated with session outcome.There wasn't correlation between experience and session outcome,either.(3)Neither apparent behavior nor experience was correlated with treatment outcome.But therapeutic changes was negatively correlated with the former measurement of treatment outcome,r=-.37*.(4)Session time was positively correlated with insight,r=.50**.Session time was also positively correlated with treatment outcome,r=.61**.(5)To different cases of similar treatment outcome,the changing forms of apparent behavior and experience level were different.These results indicate that,Chinese clients' apparent behaviors are not correlated with session outcome except therapeutic changes,neither is the experience.This result is different with foreign country's.One possibility is that:because of the culture difference,American culture emphasizes one's dignity and independence,but Chinese culture emphasizes people's dependence.So the personal exploration and experience which are important to American clients may be not so important to Chinese clients. What Chinese clients care may be the things that they get through the communication with therapists.And when these things are congruent with their needs,they may think session outcome good.Apparent behaviors are not correlated with treatment outcome.This may indicate that it's not proper to find the relation between these two variables.Because the distance between these two variables is too long,many factors may affect the relation, such as the characteristics of clients,clients' needs,states,preparations,therapist's inductions and responses,etc.Experience is not correlated with treatment outcome. This may indicate that,Chinese clients pay more attention to the congruence of the things that they get from therapists and their needs.So treatment outcome is affected by their assimilation of these matters,but not the experience. |
