The Research On Russian City Self-government Reform From 1862 To 1905

Russian city self-government has the unique historical tradition, all of Russian tsars' reform business involves city management reform in history. In the 1860s, the reform of Alexander II opened a new stage of city self-government development, it is the continuation and development of Russian city self-government tradition, and is also an important exploration of the city administration institution in Russia's modernization.The reform is under the background of the abolition of serfdom and the industrialization. From the point of view of tsar, reform was to suit the demand of the complication of executive administration that was brought about by industrialization, and to hand a part of the affairs that the government didn't have the energy to handle over to the city society to manage. At the same time, it turned the attention of the nobles that suffered loss of interest in the city reform,and reduced the concussion of the abolition of serfdom in Russian society. However, from the points of the liberal activists in the city self-government institution, it is to be realized that a step through which they could realize constitution regime.Therefore,during the whole process, decentralism liberals pursued and centralism tsar and big aristocrats maintained were intermingled.During Alexanderâ…¡'s reign, reform made great progress,but when it comes to Alexanderâ…¢'s reign, counter-reform appeared.In the end, reform plunged into plight and society was in silence.When it comes to various problems tsar government was faced with, they were relevant to t he Russian society itself is not mature.According to the experience of Western Europe, city self-government of civil society is based on developed civil society, but it wasn't appeared until the tsarist Russia. Therefore, the Russian city self-government path of reform must be predetermined twists and turns.Due to the reform of top-down tsar, impossible to the request in accordance with the liberal activists social reform, thus reform is not completely, the existing problems and contradictions also had not been solved. Reform was executed from top to bottom, tsar couldn't give a comprehensive change to society, so reform was not complete,and conflict and problems were not solved.However, city self-government reform made a far-reaching effect on Russian society and politics.Its basic work left an important impact on the developing of Russian city construction, social welfare,advancing cultural education and boosting medical conditions. In addition, reform improved Russian public sense of participation in city affairs, endowing public with the rights of city self-government, activated Russian political life and prompted Russian development toward civil society. The body of this thesis consists of five parts:The first part is to explain the concept of "city self-government" and introduce two conflicting decentralism and centralism principles.In this article's view, the principle of centralization was the basic norm that throughout the Russian city self-government reform.The second part is to discuss the preparation for the city self-government in 1860s, to illustrate the history of city self-government of Russia and the tntrinsic motivation of the reform of city self-government and the preparation for the city self-government.In this article's view, the city self-government was implicitly related to cultural tradition and social conditions at that time.The third part is to illustrate systematically reform process from 1860 to the implementation of the city ordinance of counter-reform in 1892,through the analysis of the city ordinance of 1870 and the results of its implementation, we can see that the rights of city social self-government organs were very limited, confining to areas of the economy;the rate of the people who participated in the management of city social affairs in the proportion of city residents was very low; due to the businessman who was the leader level in social management had a low political enthusiasm, for a period of political activity, the duma mainly embodied in some political statements.The fourth part is to analyze Russian city reform from 1892 to the beginning of the 20th century. In this period, as to the counter-reform policy of Alexanderâ…¢'s, the rights of self-government organs were further restrictions, city social management authority became the administrative organs of the institutions, its members became national administration officials,meanwhile, along with the development of capitalism, the influence of the radical thoughts from the local self-government people and the development of the revolutionary situation urged city social management personnel to improve political consciousness, strongly requested to break the existing management system.Common struggle situation, eventually spawned a unified bourgeoisie in 1905. Henceforth, the political struggle of Russian city social administration organs rose to a new level.At the end of he 19th century, the government realized that the City Ordinance of 1892 is not perfect, so it initiated partly reform of the City Ordinance.The fifth part is to evaluate the historical status of Russia city self-government from 1862 to 1905.In this article's view, the Russian city self-government reform although has certain limitation, but still/made a series of achievements, it is an important attempt and exploration in Russian social management. The political activity of city social administration organs promoted Russia to change from the feudal monarchy system to the monarchy system.