About Analysis Of Marshall's Citizenship Theory

T ? H ? Marshall is the western political thinker who has a unique charm thought. His ideas not only demonstrate theoretically the feasibility of implementation in the welfare state of British , but also have influence with indelible significance till today. Marshall was the pioneer who use the citizenship concept firstly and discusses the concept of three kinds of rights, and hope to establish the form of welfare state with the social rights viewpoint . Until now when contemporary western political thinkers study the citizenship, they could not avoid the theoretical research of Marshall's citizenship, their research is established in Marshall citizen theory's framework of analysis and is analysis and development. Based on the theory of citizenship Marshall as starting point, and then analyzes the western thinkers's development of the theory of Marshall citizenship.I hope the analysis of western welfare state of the political master can give some revelation to the crisis management of welfare state,and give some think deeply to Welfare security policy in China.This paper are divided into five parts:The first part is the analysis of the background for citizenship theory .In this part of the background, the author thinks there are three main aspects: liberalism citizenship , theory of Bei Frederick strange report ,the understanding of citizens' rights of Marshall who is a economist. Citizenship in ancient Greece already exists, but at that time it is mainly republicanism citizenship which emphasize virtue, community and the common good. And along with the time development and urban's expansion, liberalism citizenship display strong vitality. Liberalism citizenship emphasizes the division of private and public sector, emphasizing individual rights ,so it is more in line with the development of the times .Marshall's citizenship theory mainly emphasized the rights of citizenship, hoping to establish the corresponding welfare system, so it should belong to liberalism citizenship theory. On the other hand, in real terms, in Britain, bei Frederick put forward bei Frederick reports which investigated the social security system ,then he puts forward the conception of the welfare state in 1942. Marshall citizenship theory is proposed in this background, and finally become the theoretical demonstration of the welfare state. Finally, Marshall citizenship theory is analysised on the views of economist Alfred ? Marshall who analysis in the free market how to keep the citizens live a gentleman life .In fact Marshall based on that demonstrates in the free market, how to solve the problem between the development of democracy and the social contradictions from capitalist development.The second part is analysis of the theory content on citizenship of Marshall. It is mainly about the Marshall citizenship theory content introduction. This part firstly introduce the division of Marshall's citizenship theory , it is that generations citizen including three rights division with great influence on later. This classification is a division of the citizenship based on the social reality development, he divided it into three kinds of rights: civil rights and political rights and social rights. Marshall says these three rights have a coincidence in some times , and he analyzes how the three rights affect the development of social class. Marshall think the civil rights and political rights in its early development is to promote the development of capitalism, but with the development of The Times, these two rights especially political rights to will produce great influence social class, these two rights provided the foundation for the development of social rights which is in the 20th century. Here Marshall meticulous discusses the action of social rights to social class ,and it is divided into positive role and negative role, the social rights is the theoretical basis of the welfare state.The third part is the analysis of Marshall citizenship theory's realization , also is the realization of the welfare state. This part is divided into two parts , Marshall's welfare rights and welfare state idea. Marshall so-called welfare right isn't simple rights, he thinks that aid is right and it is linked with citizenship. But when countries provide rights also can not be indulgent and ignore the obligation of society,rights can cause heavy social burden. He believes that the poor must be in the work ,when they accept help they must returns to social, even handicapped also has "overcome unfortunate moral obligation". When identify who should obtain the rights of the aid, Marshall says we should establish corresponding welfare rights division system, but we could not indulge discretion of right . And Marshall proposed the corresponding remedial measures to regulate the establishment of this system. About the welfare state construction of Marshall actually he mainly describes is two problems, one is how to balance the principle of individual and collective socialism ,it is to give some concepts such as talent some room with objective view,while establishing an equal consensus ,the other is when you want to keep economic inequality , how to realize the equality of opportunity. They need to keep economic inequality to enhance competitive selection, and countries have obligations to put into the same force establish good infrastructure to reduce external gap.The fourth part is different scholars's analysis and development based on Marshall citizenship .In this part, it is mainly discussed the development of three aspects: first is for the development of three rights concept; second is for its social class concept development; Finally it is on its welfare state theory development. In the development of the concepts, it is mainly from the content and extension of the concept itself .On the main content of progress is Michael Mann and Brian Turner. Mann is mainly puts forward five strategies to citizenship for liberal, improvement, authoritarian, fascism, authoritarian socialism. But Turner mainly focus on conflict theory and put forward the private demarcations citizen theory. The development of extension is mainly Derek? Heater with special world citizen theory, Turner's culture citizens and Bart ?van? Steenbergen's ecological citizens. This is the enlargement of concept extension of citizenship. For the developing idea of social class of Marshall , is mainly the Barbalet's citizen theory that it can't eliminate class ,but it can alleviate social class relations. He also said the effect of the social class development from the economy is existence ,culture is not the important factor of hierarchy .For the development of the theory of welfare state of Giddens is mainly the welfare state is the encompasses between social class and welfare rights. And that the welfare state should not only just for Britain but also for the other countries in the concrete analysis . The fifth part is the theory of Marshall citizenship evaluation. This part is divided into important impacts and theoretical defects. Marshall is the pioneer who use the citizenship concept and discuss fully citizenship for three rights of citizenship, it have immeasurable important significance for the contemporary study theories. Influence mainly include proposing the solution of contradiction between capitalist development and political democracy, opening mode of welfare state and dividing three rights, and admiting right and obligation in his citizenship theory. But his citizenship theory also have theoretical defects. The oretical defects mainly includes the lack of diversification characteristics, and it can't adapt to the development of the globalization, aoso it essentially can't solve the contradictions between citizenship and social class, ignoring the social conflicts existing problems. In the end, this part is revelation of citizenship theoretical research to western welfare state development . Western welfare state can resolve state management to the crisis from balance of three subsystems of political, economic, and social Angle, and China can get some of thinking. to improve the welfare policy .