Local Government Reform: From Entrepreneurial Brokerage To Service Government

China's modernization process originated from Qing dynasty. With the financial pressure created by the powers of aggression, the Qing government began to change its tradition and began to extend its power towards rural area. Qing government issued statute, local government modernization began. The power towards rural area changed the rural authority structure, the authority of traditional squire class in the village declined. The entrepreneurial brokerages who taxed the peasants replaced the protective brokerages. State power collapsed and destroyed protective brokerages and the culture nexus of power. It was the beginning of state involution. The entrepreneurial brokerages became the only intermediary between state and rural area.Then, despite the dramatic turnover regime, the expansion of state power to the rural community and rural community resources extracted were not interrupted. The warlords and the Minguo(1912-1949) both have a new township autonomy. Despite the formal state power can rely on informal personnel and institutions to implement their own policies, it can not control these officers and agencies. These officers used their own status associating autonomy with the countries and engaged in profit-oriented activities.With the founding of New China, the totalism model established in the rural areas. villages organizations were fully "embedded" in rural, resulting in the situation that atomic individuals directly facing the state. Through "destroy traditions", States mobilized grass-roots people, and destroyed traditional rural society and " Culture nexus of power " completely. State-building were made to an unprecedented extent.The establishment of a communist regime symbolized the terminal of State Involution. New China cut down a great deal of entrepreneurial brokerages. And the establishment of regime between the grass-roots and state clamped down the soil of entrepreneurial brokerages, Curing the tax evasion since the Ming Dynasty, the tax increasing substantially. In the People's Commune times, the local government was the agents of the State, there is no self-interest at all. The State became the only authority in village. Squires and...