The Cross-coupling And Homocoupling Reactions Of Indoles

Compounds containing heteroatoms, such as indole derivatives, widely exist in nature. Theindole nucleus is embedded in many pharmaceuticals and biologically active alkaloids The synth-eses of indole nucleus have attracted much attention in industrial and academic research due totheir biological and pharmaceutical properties.Coupling provides a conceptually straightforwardand synthetically versatile way of generating C C and C Nbonds. Our attentions are focused oncoupling methodologies to Construct indole molecules by directly using C-H bonds. we reportedtwotypes of coupling reactions: cross-coupling of free (NH)-indoles with β-keto esters; homocouplingreaction of indoles.Chapter Ⅰ：Overview.Introduced the progress of the synthesis of indole derivatives via themost direct way of coupling in recent ten years.Chapter Ⅱ：A general and efficient method for the cross-coupling of indoles with β-ketoes-ters by using TEMPO/CuSO4·5H2O in air as oxidant has been developed. This reaction featureshighfunctional-group compatibility and an excellent selectivity. This methodology provides analternative approach for the ketonization–olefination of indoles in moderate to good yields.Chapter Ⅲ：A simple, convenient and efficient metal-free catalyzed oxidative trimericreaction of indoles toward a variety of2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2,3′-biindolin-3-one derivatives inmoderate to excellent yields has been developed. This transformation proceeds via a tandemoxidative homo coupling reaction by using sodium nitrite and methylsulfonic acid. Thismethodology provides an alternative approach for the direct generation of all-carbon quaternarycenters at the C2position of indoles.