Analysis About Deveoping Universal Banking In USA, Germany And UK

Today, the economic and financial globalization and scientific and technological progress promote almightiness of banking. The major western countries head by the U.S.A, U.K and Germany, of which some have been insisting all-round operations, and some have gone through a mixture from industry to industry - and to the industry spiral mixing the course of development, are now vigorously in different ways all-round development of various types of banks, in order to enhance its international competitiveness of the financial markets. Especially in the 1990s, the bank-industry, cross-border M & A theme for the fifth global merger wave began, and resulted in ultra-large transnational universal banks, such as Citibank, HSBC, Deutsche etc., branch networks worldwide.The Universal bank's scope of business from the traditional business capital loans to the private bonds, international bonds and other stock issuance, object-oriented social services all sectors, including trade, industry, and all types of companies, individuals and the public sector. Regardless of the organizational structure of banks Almighty what kind of form, and its essential character only one point: to make use of an integrated platform for business customers to provide an efficient, one-stop and comprehensive financial services. This integrated platform includes strict management of the work efficiency of business information systems and improve internal control and external supervisory system.Compared with divided operation, the universal banks have the advantages obviously , can mainly be summarized as follows: 1, the universal banks can provide clients with comprehensive financial services; 2, theoretically speaking, the universal banks because of the economies of scale and scope economies and cost advantages; 3, the universal banks can decentralized operating risks, the diversification of business to Almighty bank developed a complementary mechanism of profit and loss.Although the banks have all-embracing many advantages, but there are also a number of system defects: 1, the universal banks with a strong economic strength and group strengths, and their often excessive power and the economic impact of this, the impact on social equity; 2, affiliated transactions within the system opaque insider trading and increased the possibility of impeding fair competition and harm the interests of investors, 3, the universal banks undertaking different financial business, the business objectives of different departments or subsidiaries, often conflict of interest, potential conflict of interest may damage the interests of customers, the effect on the banking reputation evils; 4, the funds of financial holding company has also repeatedly subsidiary of investment, capital of the double counting caused excessive financial leverage, impact on the banking sector overall financial security. Universal banks these potential problems, the need to regulate through the legal system.Since the development of historical, social financial institutions, economic level, the system environment is not the same as all-embracing national banks evolution of a different type, and display different characteristics. According to the Organization of the different ways, a modern Universal banks can be classified as basically three main types: the United States as the representative of the pure based financial holding company, the United Kingdom on behalf of the operating holding companies , Germany, on behalf of the bank's internal integrated universal banks.The three models in risk exposure, operating efficiency and performance have their own characteristics. Generally speaking, German Universal banks highest efficiency, but also the greatest risk of the internal control requirements are also the highest, the United States - the smallest Almighty banks bear the risks, but also a relatively low operating efficiency, and the United Kingdom-Universal banks in the middle position. The three models strengths, there is no absolute advantages and disadvantages. Universal bank model is essentially the choice of a country's specific economic, and social conditions, the balance between efficiency and risk results.The United States, Britain, Germany Universal banks have adopted different models, the financial structure of the difference has played a decisive role in almost: the economic structure of the United States are "market-oriented" economic activities of the highest level of the market, the capital market is developed, with the world's most advanced stock market and the bond market, in this context, the choice of the United States is purely based financial holding companies; Germany belong to "bank-oriented" countries, the banking system developed, but the capital markets are relatively weak, and Germany long-term implementation of the comprehensive management policy, the banking system has been the dominant financial position, its all-embracing development of the banks naturally chose the integrated operation; and the United Kingdom's situation is in the United States, Germany between well-developed capital market than that in Germany, but not the United States than the United States on the banking system, but not Germany; financial structure between the two, the final decision taken by the British bank model is omnipotent in the United States and Germany a compromise between the mode.Moreover, a country's socio-economic conditions as well as financial institutions operating philosophy, corporate management structure, a self-regulatory mechanism, self-consciousness and micro-enterprises and cultural factors on the choice of mode Almighty banks have greatly affected. Represented by the United States-based financial holding company solely with the representative of Germany, for the integrated management of the banks has become all-embracing two different business models, and their respective legal, financial and cultural traditions have a very close relationship.China has joined the WTO, a five-year transition period has expired. Universal banks gradually opening up to the trend of globalization of China's financial system and financial markets have a great impact, China to open up, the only way out is to integrate into the global, so as to seek greater development. At present, China's all-round development and our banks are open financial market requirements compared with the developed countries compared to the process of development, the gap tremendous. In order to the rapid development of China's financial markets, banking constantly innovate and create China's all-embracing banks, has become an urgent need before us solve the task.The all-roundization development of world banking provides reference for the China's financial industry . Judging from the current sub-operators gradually shift to the all-embracing development of the financial industry in China is an inevitable trend, from the current development of the domestic financial sector and regulatory capabilities, the financial holding company is building in China at this stage to the smooth transition of the almighty flexibility to choose.