Closed-Loop Supply Chain Game Models With Product Remanufacturing

It is well known that management of closed-loop supply chain is very importance to environment and the development of industry. In this paper, the closed-loop supply chain game models with product remanufacturing are studied not only under three market structures, Manufacturer-Stackelberg market, Retailer-Stackelberg market, and Manufacturer and Retailer-Nash market, but also three product collection channel, manufacturer indirect collection, retailer indirect collection, and manufacturer- retailer collection. The optimal product return rates, wholesale price, retail prices, manufacturer and retailer's profits and total profits in the three channle with recovery are analyzed under the three market power structures. The results show :(1)Under manufacturer indirect collection, the return rate is highest when there is no market leadership, lowest when manufacturer is leader. The wholesale price is highest when manufacturer is leader, lowest when retailer is leader. Retail price is highest when manufacturer is leader, lowest when there is no market leadership. The industry as a whole as well as consumer benefit from lower prices and larger profits when there is no market leadership .(2) Under manufacturer- retailer collection, the return rate is highest when there is no market leadership, lowest when there is market leadership. The wholesale price is highest when manufacturer is leader, lowest when retailer is leader. Retail price is highest when there is no market leadership, lowest when there is market leadership.The industry as a whole as well as consumer benefit from lower prices and larger profits when there is no market leadership .(3) No matter what market structure, manufacturer's optimal decision-making is use manufacturer- retailer collection channel.