| Yunnan province is located in the upper Changjiang River, Pearl River and Lancanjiang River, these all international rivers. More than 140,000 km of soil erosion area seize 36.88% of the total area and more than 500 million tons of the earth are eroded all over the province, which dedicate it to being become one of the most serious soil erosion province of China. Soil erosion has caused the soil deteriorated and the water sources dried up as well as flood, drought, mud-rock flow happened frequently, as conditioned economical and social development. Water Resources Ministry proposed that the ecosystem restoration should depend on the sufficiently nature force and the self restoration capability of ecosystem to promote vegetation restoration of ecosystem in 2000 for speeding up the control of soil erosion and eco-environment construction all over the country. The Water Resources Ministry arranged 128 counties (Municipality or District ) into the Nationwide Ecosystem Restoration Experiment Project. Xinping county was enlisted for the aim of understanding ecosystem restoration mechanisms and beneficial result after ecosystem restoration engineering was finished. Xinping county ecosystem restoration engineering included administers by means of closing, water and soil conservation woods, economic forests, terrace engineering, the water conservancy project, some ecosystem restoration substitution measures and so on. In present work, vegetation parameters, precipitation, runoff, soil erosion were monitored and soil improvement effect of ecosystem restoration was researched at the same time of countryside energy reform to analyze the mechanisms and beneficial result of ecosystem restoration for improving the govorment policy of soil and water conservation. The results are as follows.(1) Plant diversity has been continuously going up. Number of plant species exceeded 100 kinds in all three layers of arbor, bush and herb of vegetation types in Semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest, Yunnan pine needle-broad leaves forest and shrub and herb association. The result indicated that restoring ecosystems have being considerably complex and ecosystems have leaved degraded states and are developing forwards stable plant communities.(2) The vegetation productivity has increased. The water and soil conservation beneficial result indicated that the total biomass of ecosystem restoration district was 3.52 million tones. The productivity of arbor, bush and herb was respectively 0.23, 0.02 and 0.15 million m~-3a~-1 . The mixed forest and herb coverage went up from 52% to 95.21%.(3) The control of runoff and soil erosion was very obvious. Runoff volume of the watershed was 38.45 million m~3, which was decreased 3.82 million m~3 than before watershed management. The runoff coefficient changed into 0.18 now from 2 before. The soil erosion was measured to 81.9 thousand t. decreased 14.3 thousand than before watershed management. The soil erosion modulus was 383.33t.km~-2.a~-1, which was decreased 65% than before watershed management. Soil reservoir volume attained to 2.14 million m~3, corresponding to a small type of reservoir. By means of ecosystem restoration of watershed, soil water and organic content and soil coarseness increased and the soil structure was improved, as a result of which, soil erosionresistance should be theoretically strengthened.(4) Soil improvement effect was very significant to ecosystem restoration. By means of the determination of total N, total and total K in experimental watershed being restored, the research indicated the change situation of soil physical and chemical nature with vegetation restoration of watershed ecosystem. N store of soil has increased with vegetation restoration and it improved soil N nourishment promoting the accumulation of biomass in watershed ecosystem. The content of total P and total K was higher in early stage of ecosystem restoration than in later stage of it. In the earth pool, total nitrogen was measures 6892.4 t, total potassium 640770 t and total phosphorus 32038.5 t.(5)The countryside energy resources plans safeguarded forest vegetation and promoted countryside development. The electrical net reconstruction of countryside put up the energy use efficiency and decreased the exhaustion of electrical power in nets. According to determination, a family living in village has saved 2.4 yuan electrical fee of RMB. Total savings of electrical fee got to 126.2 thousand yuan in all ecosystem restoration districts. The kitchen transforms resulted in the energy savings and a kitchen could saved standardized coal 2.8t, total saving fund 625 thousand yuan. Constructing a mouthful of methane-generating pit brought into the energy resources savings as well and the saving volume amounted to 3.5 t of the standardized coal, total decreasing of the payment 875 thousand yuan. After the energy resources problem was solved, the exhaustion of fagot was decreased to 4500 m3 in ecosystem restoration districts, as eased greatly the disturbance to ecosystem and speeded up the restoration of ecosystem. These monitoring indexes indicated that the damaged ecosystem has being advanced on the trajectory to stable ecosystem.(6) The research established the ecosystem restoration pattern of south Yunnan Province of China. The pattern indicated the constructive management tractics. ?The mountainside mankind interfering intensely, soil erosion seriously with the gravitational erosion was arranged the sandbar of many stages and check dam with block to control the soil erosion of the slope. ?Water and soil conservation woods were planted on hillsides to facilitate afforestation, control the runoff on earth's surface. By means of nitrogen fixation and adding earth nitrogen on slope the soil fertility was recovered.? On the slope field terrace engineering and water engineering were implemented to increase the productivity of fields and revenues of formers as the results of which, the steep fields would be transformed into forest lands.? To develops the economic forest changed into the landscapes of watersheds on the cultivated land, at the same time for increasing the economic profits of fields.? Changing the energy resources structures in countryside was the basic way by which the ecosystems were conserved by indirect mode based on the adjustment of policies and the succession of vegetation went forwards in restoring ecosystem. |
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