Natural Disasters And Immigration Conflict

During Xianfeng and Tongzhi period of the late imperial of Qing Dynasty, a series of bloody battles broke out between the Hakka (Shandong immigrant) and Punti (Xuzhou native) within the boundaries of the Jiangsu province and Shandong Province, both sides had become "absolutely irreconcilable ". These Hakka-Punti wars had continued for more than ten years, and they were interlaced with the Taiping Rebellion, the Nien Rebellion, the Fu army, the Changqiang bandits, the Water bandits and so on .During that time, Hakka-Punti people slaughtered each other,and they traversed Jiangsu province and Shandong Province,. These battles affected profoundly. But in late imperial of Qing Dynasty, the society was turbulent, being faced with the internal disorder and foreign invasions. In favor of the wider inter-national suffer, this cross province immigrant and the Hakka-Punti wars were overlooked by so many people, and only were dismissed as an inter-ethnic feud. This article draws on the massive government documents, local records, archives, and official publications to recount these conflicts in detail, to analyze its causes and effects ,and to assess its historical significance.The full text is divided into five chapters in all.Chapter One mainly expoundes that during Xianfeng and Tongzhi period of the lateimperial of Qing Dynasty, northern Jiangsu province and southwest Shandong province were widely suffered with natural calamity, specially Yellow River flooding.The Qing government district authority was weakened, social order were out of control and so on. From 1851-1855 year, Jiangsu province, Shandong province and Henan province had broken out a series of natural calamity, nearly every year was suffered with calamity and every calamity was very much fierce, in addition to political corrupt, foreign invaders plundering, social turbulence, and economy depressing, the ability of enduring natural calamity seriously withered. Once the calamity took place, there would suffer serious famine. During famine time, people had to flee from famine. The local residents of Tongshan county and Peixian county were compelled to abandon the homeland; People of Southwest area of Shandong province were forced to leave native homeland, wandering to Tongshan county and Peixian county, They reclaimed wasteland, cultivated on the new silted lake field, and settled down there.Chapter two specifically describes the conflicts, combats, and the bloody battles...