| Fishery administration plays a prominent role in the development of fishery economy. As a social phenomenon, fishery administration has a history of existence for over 4000 years. Ancient fishery administration mainly contained establishment of fishery commissioner, limitation about open and closed fishing seasons, limitation standard of fishing products, enactment policy and institution on fishery administration, collecting fishery tax and fishery tribute, etc. Fishery administration in ancient times was designated in order to meet the needs of the state for fishery products and maritime defense. In modern times, the Opium War (1840-1842) opened the gate of China. 100 years of colonial invasion had far-reaching influence on the politics and economy of our country. As one of the coastal regions of China, Shandong became the first choice of foreign invaders. Colonists from foreign countries invaded China one after another, and the fishery development was affected by colonial governance. Traditional fishery management began to be impacted and turned towards modernization. To sum up functions of fishery institutions from the end of Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, modern fishery management in Shandong primarily covers the following aspects: establishment of fishery administrative institutions, collection of fishery tax, improvement and management of fishing boats and fishing gear, legislation of fishery administrative management, fishery relief, education of aquaculture, fish farming and protection, etc. Compared with ancient fishery administration, modern fishery administration has a wider range of content.Over four thousand years ago, in the period of the society governed by Shun and Yu, fishery law emerged as a general social phenomenon. In China's history of the development of fisher law, fishery law contains establishment of fishing officer, for example, the rules of the season to allow and prohibit fishing, implementation of the fishery policies, limitation of the fishing on fish products and the collections of taxes and tributes, etc. In the concept of large-scale agriculture, fishery is defined as the subordinate status, which delayed the development of the fishery before Qing Dynasty. Since fishery is closely related to the coastal defense, it attracted heated attentions of the government at Ming and Qing dynasty. Therefore, the government's fishery policies tend to be regularized compared with the former dynasties. However, just to say the fishery law, it belonged to the style of traditional fishery management. Opium war opened the door of China, and the country then reduced to the semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. More than one century's colonial aggression brought impressive impact on politics and economy of China. As a coastal area of China, Shandong province became the first choice of the foreign invaders.After Yantai port was opened up in 1861, coastal regions in Shandong such as Qingdao and Weihaiwei were occupied by invaders in succession. Fishery administration thus developed with a semi-feudal and semi-colonial nature. During the republic of China, coastal cities in Shandong were governed alternatively by colonists and local government. Changes of establishment and function of fishery institutions produced an effect on development of fishery in Shandong. Since 1861 the period of late Qing and the republic of China, fishery development in Shandong had lots of common characters, which became the turning stage of fishery development from traditional administration towards modern administration.There were continual adjustments on fishery administration in Shandong as the fishery economy developed, among which the evolution of fishery administrative institutions embodied the most obviously modernization of fishery administration. Fishery administrative institutions in late Qing developed from organizing fishery organizations to founding fishery companies without separation of government and business. Meanwhile, functions of fishery administrative institutions expanded from management of fishing vessels and collection of fishery tax to improvement of fishing vessels and gear, legislation of fishery, education of aquaculture, fishery relief etc. After the republic of China was founded, fisheries administrations was set up in central administrative institutions and subordinated to the Department of Agriculture and Forestry. This was the start of setting related agencies in central government. From then on, fishery administrative institutions in provinces and cities emerged in large amounts. Examples of fishery administrative institutions set by government included Shandong Coastal Fishery and Shipping Administration, Yantai branch of Tianjin Shipping Adminstration, Fishery administration of Hebei-Shandong district and Jiaodong Administrative agency after Anti-Japanese War. This indicated that fishery institutions in late Qing in Shandong were developing towards a more standardized direction.Influenced by social environment and various factors at that time, fishery institutions were still mainly responsible for collecting fishery tax and managing fishing vessels. In addition to pay government tax, fishers also had to bear many exorbitant tax levies such as exploitation from fishing stores, fishing salt tax, extortion from privates etc. The oppressive tax became a heavy burden on fishers'shoulders. Besides, institutions such as fishery police failed to act on convoying fishing vessels, instead, they turned to exploit fishers and thus affected development of fishery economy.Since the republic of China was founded, in order to stimulated development of fishery, Central and Shandong government promulgated lots of fishery laws and regulations. Advanced people who saved the nation by engaging in industry also brought forward many fishery management plans. Although these fishery laws and management plans were not carried out completely, they turned out to be a sign of modernization of fishery administration in Shandong.In general, fishery administration in Shandong did achieve some results during the process of modernization. However, many good fishery administrative measures were not executed completely because of the nature of the society. Furthermore, the Japanese invasion in coastal regions in Shandong not only brought severe loss to fishery, but also resulted in higher demands on fishery administration in Shandong. This paper is to discuss the content and influence of fishery administration during the late period of the Qing dynasty and the republic of China in coastal regions of Shandong. Research on this subject is expected to provide fishery administration in Shandong with reference to fishery construction in future. Fishery administration plays a prominent role in the development of fishery economy. As a social phenomenon, fishery administration has a history of existence for over 4000 years. Ancient fishery administration mainly contained establishment of fishery commissioner, limitation about open and closed fishing seasons, limitation standard of fishing products, enactment policy and institution on fishery administration, collecting fishery tax and fishery tribute, etc. Fishery administration in ancient times was designated in order to meet the needs of the state for fishery products and maritime defense. In modern times, the Opium War (1840-1842) opened the gate of China. 100 years of colonial invasion had far-reaching influence on the politics and economy of our country. As one of the coastal regions of China, Shandong became the first choice of foreign invaders. Colonists from foreign countries invaded China one after another, and the fishery development was affected by colonial governance. Traditional fishery management began to be impacted and turned towards modernization. To sum up functions of fishery institutions from the end of Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, modern fishery management in Shandong primarily covers the following aspects: establishment of fishery administrative institutions, collection of fishery tax, improvement and management of fishing boats and fishing gear, legislation of fishery administrative management, fishery relief, education of aquaculture, fish farming and protection, etc. Compared with ancient fishery administration, modern fishery administration has a wider range of content.Over four thousand years ago, in the period of the society governed by Shun and Yu, fishery law emerged as a general social phenomenon. In China's history of the development of fisher law, fishery law contains establishment of fishing officer, for example, the rules of the season to allow and prohibit fishing, implementation of the fishery policies, limitation of the fishing on fish products and the collections of taxes and tributes, etc. In the concept of large-scale agriculture, fishery is defined as the subordinate status, which delayed the development of the fishery before Qing Dynasty. Since fishery is closely related to the coastal defense, it attracted heated attentions of the government at Ming and Qing dynasty. Therefore, the government's fishery policies tend to be regularized compared with the former dynasties. However, just to say the fishery law, it belonged to the style of traditional fishery management. Opium war opened the door of China, and the country then reduced to the semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. More than one century's colonial aggression brought impressive impact on politics and economy of China. As a coastal area of China, Shandong province became the first choice of the foreign invaders.After Yantai port was opened up in 1861, coastal regions in Shandong such as Qingdao and Weihaiwei were occupied by invaders in succession. Fishery administration thus developed with a semi-feudal and semi-colonial nature. During the republic of China, coastal cities in Shandong were governed alternatively by colonists and local government. Changes of establishment and function of fishery institutions produced an effect on development of fishery in Shandong. Since 1861 the period of late Qing and the republic of China, fishery development in Shandong had lots of common characters, which became the turning stage of fishery development from traditional administration towards modern administration.There were continual adjustments on fishery administration in Shandong as the fishery economy developed, among which the evolution of fishery administrative institutions embodied the most obviously modernization of fishery administration. Fishery administrative institutions in late Qing developed from organizing fishery organizations to founding fishery companies without separation of government and business. Meanwhile, functions of fishery administrative institutions expanded from management of fishing vessels and collection of fishery tax to improvement of fishing vessels and gear, legislation of fishery, education of aquaculture, fishery relief etc. After the republic of China was founded, fisheries administrations was set up in central administrative institutions and subordinated to the Department of Agriculture and Forestry. This was the start of setting related agencies in central government. From then on, fishery administrative institutions in provinces and cities emerged in large amounts. Examples of fishery administrative institutions set by government included Shandong Coastal Fishery and Shipping Administration, Yantai branch of Tianjin Shipping Adminstration, Fishery administration of Hebei-Shandong district and Jiaodong Administrative agency after Anti-Japanese War. This indicated that fishery institutions in late Qing in Shandong were developing towards a more standardized direction.Influenced by social environment and various factors at that time, fishery institutions were still mainly responsible for collecting fishery tax and managing fishing vessels. In addition to pay government tax, fishers also had to bear many exorbitant tax levies such as exploitation from fishing stores, fishing salt tax, extortion from privates etc. The oppressive tax became a heavy burden on fishers'shoulders. Besides, institutions such as fishery police failed to act on convoying fishing vessels, instead, they turned to exploit fishers and thus affected development of fishery economy.Since the republic of China was founded, in order to stimulated development of fishery, Central and Shandong government promulgated lots of fishery laws and regulations. Advanced people who saved the nation by engaging in industry also brought forward many fishery management plans. Although these fishery laws and management plans were not carried out completely, they turned out to be a sign of modernization of fishery administration in Shandong.In general, fishery administration in Shandong did achieve some results during the process of modernization. However, many good fishery administrative measures were not executed completely because of the nature of the society. Furthermore, the Japanese invasion in coastal regions in Shandong not only brought severe loss to fishery, but also resulted in higher demands on fishery administration in Shandong. This paper is to discuss the content and influence of fishery administration during the late period of the Qing dynasty and the republic of China in coastal regions of Shandong. Research on this subject is expected to provide fishery administration in Shandong with reference to fishery construction in future. |
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