| Vegetables are rich in nutrition, plays a very important role in people’s daily life. Fertilizer as "crop grain" is the key to increasing production. Therefore, with the agronomic measures constantly updated and the extensive use of chemical fertilizers, production of vegetables has been increasing year after year; greatly satisfy our citizens’daily needs in recent years. However, with low utilization efficiency, amount of ammonia volatilization nitrate leaching and runoff, in coordination between nutrient releasing and crop uptake which worldwide exists in the common fertilizers, resulting from such as the waste of resources, quality of soil environment, atmospheric pollution, water eutrophication and the declining quality of agricultural products and other issues, are becoming the bottleneck of agriculture modernization in our country. The advent of slow-release fertilizer has brought a lot of benefits, such as nutrient release synchronized with crop uptake, loss of ammonia volatilization is low, without top dressing during whole growth period of crop, save labor and so on, has become one of the effective ways to solve those problems. Compared with other vegetables, solanaceous vegetables has long growth cycle, great nutrient needs and common fertilizers are generally difficult to meet its growing demand. So in order to gain high-yield farmers would generally increase application of base fertilizer and times of top dressing, which not only causes a tremendous loss of nutrients, and in the long term will also had bad influence on the yield and quality of vegetables. In the present study, two kinds of special un-coated slow release fertilizer developed and made according to the fertilizer characteristics of Solanaceous Vegetables, were employed to study slow-release fertilizer in two kinds of vegetables in the soil ammonia volatilization (the effect of reducing ammonia volatilization loss), by the experiment of "venting method" under laboratory conditions. In addition, pot experiments and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of vegetables slow-release fertilizer on yield and quality of pepper, eggplant. Fertilizer use efficiency and soil enzyme activity, the influence of organic matter and nutrient content of soil were also affected. The results are showed as fol lows:(1) The special slow-release fertilizer of vegetables could obviously reduce the losses of fertilizer due to reducing the volatilization rate of ammonia and ammonia volatilization of accumulation. Compared with large particle of urea (PUR), slow-released fertilizer and loss of ammonia volatilization rate were significantly reduced, under the condition of the same level of N fertilizer. Excepted of the special compound fertilizer, which ammonia volatilization rate reached its peak at10th day, other treatments reached their peak at7th day, with large particle urea peak. At the beginning of laboratory culture experiments, large particle urea’s average rate of ammonia volatilization was the highest. However,28days later, two kinds of special fertilizer volatile rate is higher than others. For cumulative of volatilization of ammonia nitrogen, at the same level of N, slow-released fertilizer for pepper were reduced by6.34%and6%compared with PUR and special fertilizer, slow-released fertilizer’s nitrogen of eggplant decreased by6.91%and5.62%compared with PUR and special fertilizer. Ammonia accumulated release of six treatments showed the same trend.(2) The plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content and root growth of pepper and eggplant could significantly improve by slow-released fertilizer. In pot experiments, compared with other treatments slow-released fertilizers were found improved pepper and eggplant height evidently. Significant differences of leaf area were found among the treatments. The highest of leaf area was observed at special slow-released fertilizer’ treatment. The content of chlorophyll in two kinds of vegetables was increased by all fertilization treatments, and the highest chlorophyll contents were found in special slow-released fertilizer treatment. Excepted of No.5of Yujiao’s root volume and all the treatment’s root average diameter, all the pepper’s root indexes and the eggplant’s root index (excepted of No.139of Eggplant’s root volume) were improved by special slow-released fertilizer treatment.(3) The yield of pepper and eggplant were significantly increase by the special slow-released fertilizers for vegetables.The highest of total dry weight for two species of pepper was observed at special slow-released fertilizer treatment (52.43and43.76g·pot-1), and increased by31.40%-149.07%and4.17%-111.71%compared with the other treatments. The highest dry weight of No.139eggplant was found in Zhushang slow-released fertilizer treatment, followed by the special slow-released fertilizer, increased by8.27%-42.66%compared with other treatments. Meanwhile the special slow-released fertilizer was observed for the highest treatment of the No.140eggplant, and increased by11,84%-48.10%compared with other treatments.(4)The quality of pepper and eggplant can significantly improved by slow-release fertilizer of v egetables. Based on the investigation of the two kinds of vegetables about pot and field experiments, special slow-release fertilizer had a little effect on reducing sugar, while effectively improving the co-ntent of amino acid and vitamin C. Additionally; the obvious effects have been exhibited in terms of decreasing nitrate content.(5) The special slow-released fertilizer treatments were significantly higher than other treatments in the pot experiment. The highest nitrogen utilization rate of pepper was observed at special slow-released fertilizer treatment by59.84%and62.38%, and the highest potassium utilization rate of pepper was found in the market slow-released fertilizer treatment by60.26%and58.99%. The significant differences of phosphorus utilization rate was observed between two species, highest phosphorus utilization rate was found in market slow-released fertilizer treatment for No.5of yujiao (4.70%), while the highest phosphorus utilization rate was found in special slow-released fertilizer treatment for Zaofeng (5.56%). Highest nitrogen as well as potassium apparent utilization rate of eggplant was found in special slow-release fertilizer treatment by44.90%,47.99%and52.83%,63.27%of two varieties, respectively. While for the highest phosphorus apparent utilization rate of eggplant was found in the treatment of common compound fertilizer.(6) Content of available nutrient and organic matter in soil were increased by special slow-released fertilizer in the pot experiments. Excepted of soil available phosphorus content, content of available nutrient in soil was increased by special slow-released fertilizers in general in field experiment. However, the highest organic matter contents in soil were found in the control. The activities of urease and catalase in soil were enhanced by special fertilize of vegetables in the pot experiment due to rich in organic matter. |
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