Historical Materials About The Mongol Invasion Of Khwarezmia And Eastern Iran:Annals And Study

In1219, for the first time, the Mongol army whichwas led by Genghis Khan attacked the powerful nation of Khwarazmshahs of Central Asia. In the same year, they arrived Otrar. In the next year, they attacked the Transoxiana, and captured Bokhara and Samarkand. At the same time, the sent troops to attack Urgench and to pursue Ala al-Din Muhammad, the Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire from1200to1220. In1221the Mongols attacked the Afghanistan. In1222they arrived Indus River, and pursued Jalal al-Din Menguberdi, the son of Muhammad. They left in1223and in1224they came back to the Mongol.Mongol Invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran is clear according to Yuan-shi[History of the Yuan Dynasty], Jami’al-Tawarikh, Tarlkh-i Jahan Gusha and-some recordings byentourages, but still, details among are different and even conflicting which lead to the conflicting opinion of the scholars. On the other hand, the Chinese literature have mistakes in times and places or sometimes different names of a place might be mistaken for two different places becouse of the lack of knowledge of the history and geography of the Central Asia and it’s simple writing style. Persian and Arabic literature are rich in details but hyperbolical. It is accurate for the things the author experienced, but inaccurate for the things the author never experienced. Since a long time, lots of scholars had pay attention to the literature about the hostories of Mongol Invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran, while systermaticly collection, comparative and textual research are still necessary and important.On the basis of the study of Wang Guowei, Yu Dajun, Man Rulin, J. A. Boyle, W. Barthold, etc, this paper is aimed at collection and comparative of Chinese, inscriptions and Persian and Arabic literature about Mongol Invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran and making research of the time of occupying Jand, Khojend, Otrar, Bukhara, Samarkand, Urgench, Tabriz,and the Battale of Shin Muram.First Ⅰ fill in the details of the Mongol Invasion of Khwarezmia and Eastern Iran according to the Chinese Literature and inscriptions, such as the Biography of Guo Baoyu and the Biography of Cayan which mentioned the battle in Syr Darya and Timur-kahlg(q)ah.Second Ⅰ confirm that Jebe and Subutai departed when Genghis Khan was attacking Samarkand, and were informed of the death of Ala al-Din Muhammad in the battle in Sujas with Beg-Tegin Silahdar and Kuch-Bugha Khan by researching the route and time of their pursuit of Ala al-Din Muhammad. According to the record of Yaqoot’s Mu’ajim al-Buldan, Jebe and Subutai marched towards Azerbaijan and arrived in Tabriz in the winter of1220, where they got bribed. And at last they turned back because of the road closures by the heavy snow. Jami’al-Tawarikh did not contain the events above.Third Ⅰ fill in the details of the events after Genghis Khan left Samarkand in his way back to the mongolian steppe according to Travels to the West of Qiu Chang Chun, which is not very clear in the record of Jami’al-Tawarikh and Tarikh-i Jahan Gusha.I found the Leap December mentioned in Travels to the West of Qiu Chang Chun is confidently between January and February in1222.Fourth according to Mulhaqat al-Surah I found the Merkit people were wiped out in1217. The attack to Kuchlug happened before the incident in Otrar, for revenge on Kuchlug bacause he killed Biizar.Fifth I presume that some generals found a kind of animal called Lu Duan according to Yuan-shi[History of the Yuan Dynasty] in Timur-kahlg(q)ah and reported it to Genghis Khan. Then Yelii Chucai explain the matter as a sign of God to ask Genghis Khan for a withdrawal.These studies will obviously contribute to the study of Mongol history and Middle Asia history.