| With long-term adaptation and coevolution to the habitat, the giant panda has formed aforaging strategy that they live on the subalpine bamboo. Because of the difference ingeographical, climatic and edaphic factors between the concentrated distribution areas（suchas Qinling Mountains, Minshan Mountain, Qionglai Mountain and Liang Mountain）, thebamboo in different areas that the giant panda feed on differs in specie, resource and nutrition.As the independent habitat and the eastern, as well as the northern edge of the distributionregions, Qinling Mountain has the bamboo whose species and content in mineral substanceand nutrition, which have been considered as the focus of concern and research priority bystaff in the Giant Panda Nature Reserve, wild ambulance personnel and researchers over theyears, are important on the giant panda’s feeding choice and health condition. The selection oftypes and proportion of feeding bamboo has an important effect on the giant panda’s feedingbehavior, upgrowth, reproduction and so on. By drawing the research findings on the giantpanda’s feeding bamboo in the wild, looking for more suitable types of bamboo to feed themand ascertaining the nutrient elements and their content in these types, it can be significant forguiding the raising conduct of the giant panda in captivity, improving the situation that pandashave to feed on certain species of bamboo and solving the distinctive problems in health ofthe giant panda in captivity.Shaanxi wild animal rescue and research center （Louguantai Experimental Forest Farmof Shaanxi province） is situated at the north foot of Qinling Mountains in zhouzhi County ofShaanxi province, Geographical coordinates are108°12′00″108°27′47″E，33°47′11″34°05′12″N，distributed between the ranges of510-2996m at altitude, the relativeelevation difference is obviously（2495m）, The climate belongs to the typical continentalclimate with the semi-moist of the temperate zone. The vertical variation is obviously, theaverage temperature is13.2℃and rainfall is674.3mm in annual, which is nearly to giantpanda natural habitat in the global with the small difference climatic conditions and the giantpanda distribution area. the center is one of few scientific research institutions with raisinggiant panda or giant panda zoos. There are most varieties, the highest latitude and the largestarea bamboo in north with introducing in18genera of146bamboo species. so it is can provided the necessary conditions for studying the captive giant panda on feeding bamboo species and composition of nutrient elements and content.With studying on giant pandas for food selections of different bamboo species, according to fellows:（1） The common bamboo species are suitable for planting in Qinling Mountains;（2） these bamboos are high yield in annual, these can ensure the needs of giant panda with planting large areas;（3） It isn’t a type of variation with including varietas, variants and the cultivated type bamboos;（4） It is using the biennial bamboos, must keep the color, morphologically and no plant diseases and insect pests in branchs, leaves and stems. Adhere to the principle of large scattering bamboos （higher than2.5m） were collected the part above the ground1.5m and the banmboos are collected the base of the plants with more profusely branched or synantectic. Ten species of bamboo were used in experiment, they were randomly divided into two groups, there were five samples in each group. The first group as fllowing:Henon bamboo, Sinobambusa tootsik, Pseudosasa amabilis, Bashania fargesii, Indosasa patens; the second group is including; Indosasa patens, Phyllostachys aurita, Phyllostachys sulphurea, Phyllostachys propinquaMcClure, Indocalamus latifolius. The four giant pandas which were healthy, no ill and hurt were collected for the research about the ingestion species of bamboo. Two of the above four were adult giant pandas, one is male, the other is female, another two giant pandas were subadult. The feeding trials were consecutive for40days （from mid September to early October）, In the premise of altering the panda’s diet, we gived these bamboo to xperimental pandas on schedule （when the panda is first eating food on morning and afternoon every day before）, when the procedure was finished, we cleaned and collected all bamboo and branches with classification, weighing and writing down these datas. According to the feeding quantity and the remainder, we calculated the intake of these giant pandas.For evaluating the selection of bamboo species to giant panda, we used the index of Forage Ratio （Wi）,Wi-Oi/Pi indicated the ratio of the ith food in the Animal intake, Pi the proportion of the ith food in all, Selection index （Wi） is greater than one meaning preference, or less than one meaning avoidant. At last, the selection index was tested statistically by G test method, ui: observed number of the using resource, mi:quantity of resource i was observed, U:total observed number of the using resource, U=Σui, M:total quantity of resource i was observed, M=Σmi。 If x2＜X20.05, The animals were not selective for some particular resource and various types at 5%significant level; Ifx2≥X20.05, The animals were selective for some particular resource with various types at5%significant level. The pandas were selective for species of bamboo. By estimating the confidence interval of the selective index for giant panda to bamboo, the formula of selective confidence interval is as fellows zα as the quantile of standard normal distribution, a as significant level. When a=5%, zα=1.9600; α=1%, zα=2.5758。 we done the Bonferroni correction to reduce probability of the error. The significant level a was decreased to α/2n, to get homologous za. When the lower bound of the confidence interval of the selection index was greater than1, we deemed that the panda was partial to this bamboo（H）. When the upper bound of the confidence interval of the selection index was less than1, we deemed that the panda wasn’t partial to this bamboo （L）. When the confidence interval of selection index contains l,we deemed that the panda was moderate partial to the bamboo （M）.When measuring minerals and organic nutrients content of different types of bamboo,3of each tested bamboo leaves harvested and picked by hand to be analysed. Before collecting, bamboo leaves were watered, air-dried, shatteed, filtered with1.0mm-diameter-scree,and then bag clamped, marked and kept in cold storage. Each sample is200g. Ca, Na, Fe, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, and other mineral elements content in bamboo leaves could be measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy （AAS） method. Tannin content could be measured by spectrophotometer （725spectrophotometer）. Crude protein was determined by GB/T6432-1994GB/T6432-1994in the feed. Crude fat was measured by GB/T6433-2006in the feed. Crude fiber was measured by GB/T6434-2006in the feed.Samples of average leaf area were randomly obtained from bamboo grove.10blades were selected randomly from picking leaves. Each blade has been scanned and converted to a raster image, and then calculated leaf area by grids with Arc View software.These leaves were weighed to calculate the leaf quality based on the number and the quality of leaves.The results show that the food bamboo selective test results of the two groups of giant pandas. G test showed that the giant panda is feeding selective on both the first （henon bamboo, Sinobambusa tootsik, Pseudosasa amabilis, Bashania fargesii, Indosasa patens） and the second （Pleioblastus maculatus, Phyllostachys aurita, Phyllostachys sulphurea, Phyllostachys propinqua, Indocalamus latifolius） group of bamboo. According to the the Forage Ratio selection index （Wi） confidence interval, we can judge their preference of bamboo. The giant panda doesn’t like eating henon bamboo （L）, Sinobambusa tootsik （H） is their favorite, tea stalk of bamboo, Pseudosasa amabilis, Bashania fargesii, Indosasa patens, Pleioblastus maculatus, Phyllostachys aurita, Phyllostachys sulphurea, Phyllostachyspropinqua and Indocalamus latifolius is moderate food （M）. Crude protein content of10types of bamboo ranged from （1.05±0.13）%to （16.57±1.77）%. Pleioblastus maculatus isthe most, Indocalamus latifolius and Pseudosasa amabilis are in the middle, and Indosasapatens is the least. They were significantly different（P<0.05）. Crude fat content ranged from（1.37±0.16）%to（4.19±0.2）%. Phyllostachys propinqua is the most, henon bamboo andBashania fargesii are in the middle, and Pseudosasa amabilis is the least. They weresignificantly different （P<0.05）. Crude fiber content ranged from71.87±3.89%to76.77±6.53%, and there is no significant difference （p>0.05） between the10types of bamboo.Crude ash content ranged from （6.30±0.36）%to （11.10±0.56）%. Pleioblastus maculatusis the most, Phyllostachys aurita, Phyllostachys sulphurea and Phyllostachys propinqua are inthe middle,and Indosasa patens is the least. They were significantly different （P<0.05）.Tannin content ranged from（1.25±0.16）%to （16.50±1.90）%.Indocalamus latifolius isthe most, Pseudosasa amabilis and Phyllostachys aurita are in the middle, and henon bamboois the least.They were significantly different （P<0.05）.Ca content of10types of bamboo ranged from733.00±24.58to3406.19±119.21ug g-1.Phyllostachys propinqua is the most,henon bamboo and Bashania fargesii are in the middle,and Phyllostachys aurita is the least. They were significantly different （P<0.05）. Na contentranged from148.53±17.27to1687.60±122.32ug g-1. Indocalamus latifolius is the most,Indosasa patens and Pleioblastus maculatus are in the middle, and Pseudosasa amabilis is theleast.They were significantly different （P<0.05）.Fe content ranged from935.28±43.83to345.33±46.25ug g-1,Indocalamus latifolius is the most, Sinobambusa tootsik and Bashaniafargesii are in the middle, and Pseudosasa amabilis is the least.They were significantlydifferent （P<0.05）.Cu content ranged from56.23±10.96to346.50±13.04ug g-1,henonbamboo is the most, Indocalamus latifolius and Phyllostachys aurita are in the middle, andPleioblastus maculatus is the least.They were significantly different （P<0.05）.K contentranged from2410.32±90.28to7305.74±320.62ug g-1.Sinobambusa tootsik is the most,Pseudosasa amabilis and Indocalamus latifolius are in the middle,and Indosasa patens is theleast. They were significantly different （P<0.05）.Mg content ranged from1830.42±86.57to5829.91±179.99ug g-1.Indocalamus latifolius is the most,Phyllostachys sulphurea andSinobambusa tootsik are in the middle,and Pleioblastus maculatus is the least.They weresignificantly different （P<0.05）. Mn content ranged from216.02±18.21to666.13±12.14ug g-1.Indocalamus latifolius is the most, Phyllostachys propinqua and Bashania fargesii arein the middle, and Pleioblastus maculatus is the least. They were significantly different（P<0.05）.Zn content ranged from115.06±15.24to515.97±56.28ug g-1.Indocalamus latifolius is the most, henon bamboo and Phyllostachys aurita are in the middle, andIndosasa patens is the least. They were significantly different （P<0.05）.In the8elementsmeasured,Na、Mg、Ca、Cu content are the main elements determining which type of bamboocaptive gaint panda would prefer. In the5nutrient measured, crude fat content, crude protein,crude ash of leaves have the greatest impacting on giant pandas. |
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