The Pathway And Technology Of Controlling Ecosystem Of An Apple Orchard In Weibei Region

Shaanxi Weibei region is only high quality apple growing areas in China because of itsunique geographical location and climatic conditions; Fruit in Weibei region has brought greateconomic benefits to local farmers after thirty years of rapid development. However, with theincrease of planting age, orchard soil ecological systems have the deterioration of ecosystem,regulation ability. Mainly for the drying of soil increased, nitrate accumulated in deep, fruitsize obviously, excellent fruit rate is not high, and serious problems of high yield of fruit treediseases and insect pests of aging. Seriously affect the sustainable development of fruitindustry and the increase of farmers’ income. And less research had done on orchard soilecosystem.Therefore, this study selected control surface mulching, suitable for productivity controland water set fertilizer three technologies to the orchard ecosystem, surface mulching refers tothe use of double coverage technology and surface ridging micro-giant technology on orchardsoil environmental factors （moisture, aeration, temperature） regulation, determine the Weibeiorchard suitable surface technology; through the regulation of monitoring differentproductivity effect on soil moisture and rot disease incidence, to determine the appropriatelevel of productivity; water through the monitor set fertilizer technology on orchard soil water,nutrients, fruit yield and quality of, to determine the optimal fertilization mode.The main results of this research showed as follows:（1） Different double mulch management’s0-600cm soil layer within the soil waterstorage in the annual cycle in spring and summer and autumn water consuming periodexperienced2stages of increasing entropy. The summer minimum winter soil water storage,soil water storage the highest pressure short straw mulching, film over short wheat strawmulch mean annual water storage of soil was highest （1529.2mm）; spatial soil moistureprofile with the increase of soil depth showed "increase-decrease-increasing" trend. Doublecoverage model can improve the soil water content in0-600cm soil profile, but with theincrease of soil depth, effect gradually weakened; film over short wheat straw mulch couldincrease soil temperature in spring and autumn, summer, reduce soil temperature, has double effects of cooling and warming.（2） Different mulching measures can improve nutrient content in apple leaves andbranches,“long wheat straw over film mulch”and“film over short wheat straw mulch”nutrientcontent （N, P, K） there is significant difference with control; different double coveragemeasures have great influence on the growth of film pressure, s film over short wheat strawmulch has the highest proportion （31%）, than the clean tillage measures under the shortbranch proportion increased to21.1%, covering different modes of apple branch ratio of nosignificant difference,“long wheat straw over film mulch”and“film over short wheat strawmulch” long branch ratio was low, significant difference with control treatment; in addition tolong straw mulching film covering the outside pressure, his treatment can significantlyincrease the yield of fruit tree, fruit weight, soluble sugar content and high quality fruit rate.Film over short wheat straw mulch yield was the highest (17.4t hm^-2), compared to17.6%ofthat in the control.（3） Micro rainfall collection by ridging, water storage was higher than that of the control,to create a good water conditions for the growth of fruit trees. The variation trend ofShuangfeng curve exhibits a year period, reached its peak in September and February, theaverage annual water storage between ridge is1537.9mm, higher than that of the control9.99%; Micro rainfall collection by ridging technology can improve the surface of differentlevels （0-60cm,60-140cm,140-300cm,300-600cm） soil profiles’ soil moisturecontent, but with the increase of soil depth, soil water retention from strong to weak graduallyenhanced; s Micro rainfall collection by ridging can improve the utilization rate of soilmoisture （152.3%）, increased fruit yield （78.57%）.（4） With different productivity level0cm trend of600cm soil water storage is basicallythe same, fruit weight is2.25×10⁵Ind ha^-1,2.7×10⁵Ind ha^-1soil mean annual waterstorage is higher as a whole;0-400cm soil layer, soil moisture content decreases with soildepth,400-600cm soil layer, soil moisture content changes little; with productivity, fruiterincidence, death tree, plant disease scar number decreased, productivity regulation canimprove the disease resistance of fruit trees, tree potential enhancement, the tree body inbalance state for a long time.（5）0-300cm in different fertilization soil water storage were obvious seasonal variation,the maximum value appeared in March, the lowest value appeared in August, the highestannual average reservoir water impermeable layer+surface double coverage, up to857.64mm. Under different fertilization patterns of soil moisture from the surface to the deepwas "change increase decrease", in0⁴0cm soil layer, soil moisture has "trend growth", thelayer of soil moisture significantly lower than other treatments （P<0.05）; in40^-100cm soil layer, and reduce the increase of soil water content with soil depth. Differences in soil watercontent among all treatments are not obvious （P>0.05）.（6）The spring soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium averagecontent is higher than the overall average fall content, organic matter content is slightly lowerthan the fall; in the spring, the nitrogen content of impervious layer+manure treatment（0.794g/kg）, the content of organic matter （14.85g/kg）, the content of available potassium（404.3mg/kg） the highest, impervious layer+backfill treatment available phosphorus content（27.66mg/kg） the highest, autumn, impervious layer+backfill treatment nitrogen （0.770g/kg）,organic matter content of impervious layer+fly ash treatment （15.14g/kg）, the content ofavailable phosphorus （14.29mg/kg）, the content of available potassium （321.7mg/kg） were thehighest.（7） Effects of different fertilization patterns on Yield and quality of apple tree, theimpervious layer+fly ash+double cover treatment compared to other treatments, the biggestapple yield per plant, fruit weight and fruit rate enhancement effect, yield increased47.63%,single fruit weight increased by15.83%, excellent fruit rate37.6%, the best fertilizationmode.A combination of different mulching modes on soil moisture, temperature and thebranches of the fruit tree nutrition, growth and yield of straw mulching, film over short wheatstraw mulch model best, based on double coverage, Micro rainfall collection by ridgingtechnology, can effectively alleviate the deep soil drying, is conducive to the sustaineddevelopment of orchard ecosystem health; fruit is2.25×10⁵Ind ha^-1can reduce the rot offruit production, increase soil moisture, the branches of the fruit tree and leaf nutrient, is thebest fruit weight; comprehensive fertilization effect on orchard soil water, nutrients and fruityield per plant and fruit rate, impervious layer+fly ash+double mulching maximum soilmoisture, yield per plant and fruit rate enhancement effect, as the best fertilization mode.