| In order to establish the appropriate pruning technology of precocious walnut, the2a and3a walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees of ‘Lvling’ were used as materials which wasa new variety of precocious walnut, to study the effects of bending branch and notchingbud in different periods on the growth and some physiological characteristics in HebeiLvling Fruits CO. LTD. The main results were as follows:1. On the2a walnut trees, bending branch to45°,90°,135°, the average buddingrates were49.63%,59.14%,56.96%, respectively, the budding rate of bending branchto90°was significant higher than that of bending branch to45°. The average buddingrates of notching bud and non-notching bud in March and in April were49.79%,60.84%,47.75%,57.14%, respectively. The average budding rates of notching budincreased by22.19%and19.66%than that of non-notching bud. On the3a walnut trees,bending branch to45°,90°,135°, the average budding rates were65.03%,71.38%,62.45%, respectively, the budding rate of bending branch to90°was very significanthigher than that of bending branch to45°and135°. The average budding rates ofnotching bud and non-notching bud in March and in April were66.12%,68.99%,63.88%,66.16%, respectively. The average budding rates of notching bud in March andin April were increased by4.43%and3.57%than that of non-notching bud.2. On the2a walnut trees, bending branch to45°,90°,135°, the average fruit setpercentages were59.72%,63.94%,64.62%, respectively, the fruit set percentages ofbending branch to90°and135°were very significant higher than that of bendingbranch to45°. Bending branch to45°,90°,135°with notching bud, the average fruit setpercentages were44.76%,53.19%,52.63%, respectively, the fruit set percentages ofbending branch to90°and135°with notching bud were very significant higher thanthat of bending branch to45°with notching bud. The average fruit set percentages ofnotching bud and non-notching bud in March and in April were62.76%,50.19%,62.71%,58.88%, respectively.The average fruit set percentages of notching buddecreased by20.03%and6.11%than that of non-notching bud. 3. On the2a walnut trees, the short branch ratios of bending branch to45°,90°,135°in March were10.79%,51.47%,39.76%, respectively, and the short branchratios of bending branch to90°and135°were very significant higher than that ofbending branch to45°. The long branch ratios were46.46%,13.25%,4.76%,respectively, the long branch ratio of bending branch to45°was significant higher thanthat of bending branch to90°and135°. The short branch ratios of bending branch to45°,90°,135°with notching bud were47.43%,34.94%,56.86%, respectively, and theshort branch ratio of bending branch to135°with notching bud was very significanthigher than that of bending branch to90°with notching bud. On the3a walnut trees, theshort branch ratios of bending branch to45°,90°,135°in March were25.60%,38.53%,55.77%, respectively, the short branch ratio of bending branch to135°was significanthigher than that of bending branch to90°, and very significant higher than that ofbending branch to45°. The long branch ratios of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were27.18%,10.73%,2.56%, respectively, the long branch ratio of bending branch to45°was very significant higher than that of bending branch to90°and135°. On the2awalnut trees, bending branch to45°,90°,135°with notching bud, the short branch ratioswere37.48%,47.53%,51.76%, respectively, the short branch ratios of bending branchto90°and135°with notching bud were very significant higher than that of bendingbranch to45°with notching bud.4. On the2a walnut trees, the average shoot lengths of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were30.16cm,19.99cm,17.66cm, respectively, the shoot length of bendingbranch to45°was significant higher than that of bending branch to90°and135°. Onthe3a walnut trees, the average shoot lengths of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were21.85cm,17.42cm,14.62cm, respectively, and the shoot length of bending branch to45°was significant higher than that of bending branch to135°. The average shootlengths of notching bud and non-notching bud in March and in April were18.59cm,12.34cm,21.00cm,19.92cm, respectively. The average shoot length of non-notchingbud in March and notching bud and non-notching bud in April were significant higherthan that of notching bud in March.5. The contents of GA3in the upper part of branches of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were1.13μg/g,0.89μg/g,0.35μg/g, respectively, and the contents of GA3decreased very significantly with the increases of the bending angle. The contents ofGA3in the base part of branches of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were0.39μg/g,1.01μg/g,1.69μg/g, respectively, the contents of GA3increased very significantly withthe increases of the bending angle. The contents of IAA in the upper part of branches ofbending branch to45°,90°,135°were1.245μg/g,0.678μg/g,0.193μg/g, respectively, the contents of IAA decreased very significantly with the increases of the bending angle.The contents of ABA in the upper part of branches of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were0.253μg/g,0.199μg/g,0.606μg/g, respectively, and the ABA content of bendingbranch to135°was significant higher than that of bending branch to45°and90°. Thecontents of ABA in the base part of branches of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were0.309μg/g,0.455μg/g,0.114μg/g, respectively, the content of bending branch to135°was significant lower than that of bending branch to45°and90°. The contents of ZT inthe upper part of branches of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were0.033μg/g,0.025μg/g,0.019μg/g, respectively, and the contents of ZT decreased significantly withthe increases of the bending angle.6. The ratios of GA3/ABA in the upper part of branches of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were6.50,3.79,0.59, respectively, and the ratios decreased significantly withthe increases of the bending angle. The ratios of GA3/ABA in the base part of branchesof bending branch to45°,90°,135°were1.24,5.53,9.85, respectively, and the ratiosincreased significantly with the increases of the bending angle. The ratios of ZT/IAA inthe base part of branches of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were0.027,0.036,0.115,respectively, and the ratio of bending branch to135°was significant higher than that ofbending branch to45°and90°. The ratios of ZT/IAA in the middle part of branches ofbending branch to45°,90°,135°were0.053,0.058,0.123, respectively, and the ratio ofbending branch to135°was significant higher than that of bending branch to45°and90°.7. In the branches which were bended to45°, the ratios of GA3/ABA in the middlepart of branches of notching and non-notching bud were1.883,30.76, respectively, andthe ratio of GA3/ABA in notching treatment was higher than that of non-notchingtreatment. The ratios of ZT/IAA in the base part of branches of notching andnon-notching bud were0.043,0.175, respectively, and the ratio of ZT/IAA in notchingtreatment was higher than that of non-notching treatment. In the branches which werebended to90°, the ratios of GA3/ABA in the upper part of branches of notching andnon-notching bud were3.788,1.152, respectively, in the middle part of branches were2.984,1.279, respectively, and in the base part of branches were5.530,1.160,respectively, the ratios of GA3/ABA were reduced by notching bud in every part ofbranches. The ratios of ZT/IAA in the upper part of branches of notching andnon-notching bud were0.036,0.052, respectively, and the ratio of ZT/IAA in notchingtreatment was higher than that of non-notching treatment. In the branches which werebended to135°, the ratios of ZT/IAA in the base part of branches of notching and non-notching bud were0.062,0.046, respectively, the ratio of ZT/IAA in notchingtreatment was lower than that of non-notching treatment.8. Bending branch to45°,90°,135°, in May, June, July, and August, the averagenet photosynthetic rates of walnut trees were3.82μmol·m-2·s-1,4.53μmol·m-2·s-1,3.87μmol·m-2·s-1, respectively, the average net photosynthetic rate of bending branch to90°was the highest. Bending branch to45°,90°,135°, in May, June, July, and Augustthe average intercellular CO2concentrations of walnut trees were254.9μL·L-1,255.56μL·L-1,261.99μL·L-1, respectively. Bending branch to45°,90°,135°, in May,June, July, and August the average stomatal conductances of walnut trees were0.099mmol·m-2·s-1,0.101mmol·m-2·s-1,0.08mmol·m-2·s-1, respectively. Bending branchto45°,90°,135°, in May, June, July, and August the average transpiration rates ofwalnut trees were2.11mmol·m-2·s-1,2.28mmol·m-2·s-1,1.86mmol·m-2·s-1, respectively.Bending branch to45°,90°,135°, in May, June, July, and August the average water useefficiencies of walnut trees were1.99μmolCO2·mmol-2H2O,2.08μmolCO2·mmol-2H2O,1.75μmolCO2·mmol-2H2O, respectively.9. On the2a walnut trees, the vis sky of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were19.83%,25.26%,19.86%, respectively, and the leaf area indexes were1.66,1.37,1.66,respectively, and the total radiation of canopy were1028MJ·m-2·y-1,2169MJ·m-2·y-1,908MJ·m-2·y-1, respectively, and the ISF were14.16,25.06,15.03, respectively. The vissky of bending branch to45°,90°,135°with notching bud were12.53%,25.76%,19.13%, respectively, the leaf area indexes were2.11,1.37,1.69, respectively, the totalradiation of canopy were542MJ·m-2·y-1,1423MJ·m-2·y-1,564MJ·m-2·y-1, respectively,the ISF were8.73,20.76,10.16, respectively. On the3a walnut trees, the vis sky ofbending branch to45°,90°,135°were25.23%,31.56%,25.36%, respectively, the leafarea indexes were1.24,1.14,1.35, respectively, the total radiation of canopy were1644MJ·m-2·y-1,2210MJ·m-2·y-1,1446MJ·m-2·y-1, respectively the ISF were22.43,30.60,24.30, respectively. The vis sky of bending branch to45°,90°,135°withnotching bud were25.16%,30.90%,25.56%, respectively, the leaf area indexes were1.33,1.22,1.34, respectively, the total radiation of canopy were1057MJ·m-2·y-1,1646MJ·m-2·y-1,1081MJ·m-2·y-1, the ISF were15.33,21.60,21.26, respectively.10. On the3a walnut trees, the average nut weights of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were13.35g,12.80g,11.97g, respectively, the average nut weight of bendingbranch to45°was very significant higher than that of bending branch to90°and135°.The average kernel weights of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were7.94g,7.39g,7.31g, respectively, the average kernel weight of bending branch to45°was very significant higher than that of bending branch to90°and135°. The average seed coatweights of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were5.41g,5.41g,4.66g, respectively, theaverage seed coat weights of bending branch to45°and135°were very significanthigher than that of bending branch to135°. The average kernel protein contents onbending branch to45°,90°,135°were20.02%,19.76%,18.70%, respectively, and therehad no significant differences of them. The average kernel fat contents on bendingbranch to45°,90°,135°were60.91%,61.83%,60.01%, respectively, the average kernelfat contents on bending branch to90°were very significant higher than that of bendingbranch to135°.11. On the2a walnut trees, the single branch yields of bending branch to45°,90°,135°were62.18g,80.62g,58.83g, respectively, the single branch yield of bendingbranch to90°was very significant higher than that of bending branch to45°and135°.The single branch yields of notching bud and non-notching bud in March and Aprilwere74.69g,88.23g,57.83g,48.09g, respectively, the single branch yield of notchingbud in March was significant higher than that of non-notching bud in March andnotching bud and non-notching bud in April. The single branch yield of non-notchingbud in March was very significant higher than that of notching bud and non-notchingbud in April. The single branch yield of non-notching bud was very significant higherthan that of notching bud in April. On the3a walnut trees, the single branch yields ofbending branch to45°,90°,135°were161.92g,193.87g,170.29g, respectively, thesingle branch yield of bending branch to90°was very significant higher than that ofbending branch to45°and135°. The single branch yields of notching bud andnon-notching bud in March and April were171.62g,233.49g,148.70g,144.50g,respectively, The single branch yield of notching bud in March was significant higherthan that of non-notching bud in March and notching bud and non-notching bud in April.The single branch yield of non-notching bud in March was very significant higher thanthat of notching bud and non-notching bud in April. |
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