| Abstract: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of wheat in differentprocessing on digestion and metabolism of nutrients, and metabolic parameters of rumen inbeef cattle. Four Limousin×Luxi crossbred beef cattle [(400±10) kg] surgically fitted withpermanent fistula in the rumen, the proximal of duodenum and the dismal of ileum were usedin the trial. Treatments were grinding wheat, crushing wheat, squashing wheat and puffingwheat. The test was performed by in situ technique to study cattle rumen degradationregularity of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergentfiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of wheat treated in different ways. A4×4LatinSquare design was to investigate the effects of different processing technology of wheat ondigestibility, metabolic parameters of rumen, digestive enzymes activity and serummetabolites of cattle.The results showed that the rapid degradation rate of OM, CP and ADF of grindingwheat was significantly increased compared with other groups and DM was higher (P <0.05)than crushing wheat or squashing wheat. NDF in grinding wheat and crushing wheat washigher (P <0.05) than squashing wheat and puffing wheat. The slow degradation rate of OMand NDF of grinding wheat was the lowest (P <0.05); DM in crushing wheat was higher (P <0.05) than grinding wheat and puffing wheat and grinding wheat was decreased (P <0.05)compared with squashing wheat and puffing wheat. The puffing wheat had lowest (P <0.05)effective degradability of OM and CP.The results showed that cattle fed puffing wheat diet had higher (P <0.05) apparentdigestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF compared with the other three treatments. Theapparent digestibility of DM and OM in both grinding wheat diet and crushing wheat dietwere higher (P <0.05) than squashing wheat diet. But lower (P<0.05) apparent digestibilityof NDF and ADF in grinding wheat diet was observed. Cattle fed the crushing wheat diet hadthe highest (P <0.05) activities of lipase and protease in chymus of duodenum and ileum,then following the squashing wheat treatment. Cattle fed the squashing wheat diet had thehighest (P <0.05) activities of amylase in ileum chymus, then following both the grindingwheat treatment and crushing wheat treatment. Serum metabolites, rumen pH andhematological measurements were only numerically changed (P>0.05).Concentrations of rumen ammonia N, MCP, DNA expression, proportion of acetate andbutyrate were lower for cattle fed puffing wheat than for fed crushing wheat and squashing wheat (P <0.05), decreased acetate: propionate ratio than cows fed grinding wheat (P <0.05),but the concentrations of propionate was increased with increasing processing index of wheat(P <0.05). Cattle fed crushing wheat had higher (P <0.05) DNA expression ofRuminococcus flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella ruminicola and Ciliateprotozoa compared with grinding wheat. |
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