The Effect Of Interaction Of Climate And Soil Nutrients Factors On The Growth And Quality Of Burley Tobacco In Enshi Areas

Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is one of the key burley tobacco areas in China,the burley tobacco of which owns the characteristics of high yield, good quality and a strongindustrial usability. The experiment choosed four different soil types in Enshi, Jianshi, Badong andHefeng, seperately. The method of soi exchange was adopted to study the effect of climate and soilfactors on the growth of burley tobacco. The thesis is based on the result of the interactionbetween climate and soil factors, which aimed at exploring its effect on tobacco growth anddevelopment, photosynthetic characters, physical characteristics, chemical components andnetural aroma components. The major conclusions are listed as follows:1. The basic status of climate and soil factors in Enshi tobacco growing areas was analyzed.The average temperature of root elongation peroid ranged from19.9to21.2℃, and the averagetemperature of vigorous stage and maturing stage each ranged from24.0to24.4℃and25.0to27.4℃. The rainfall capacity was plentiful, and the sunshine duration was520.5to610.0hours.The accumulated temperature of the growing period also can fit the demand of2600℃. Thetemperature of Badong showed the character of low in the early periods and high in the laterperiods. Compared with Badong, Hefeng was abundant in precipitation, but was lacked ofsunshine and the the relative humidity was larger. The climate condition of Enshi and Jianshicounty was quite suitable for the plantation of burlry tobacco.Soil pH and the nutrients content in the four counties was analyzed. The results showed ahighest pH found in Hefeng, while the other three counties’ soil pH was in the suitable range of5.5～6.5. The organic matter of Enshi area was plenty, with the average content of2.44%. Thetotal nitrogen content of Badong was significantly higher than the others, while the aviliablenirtogen content of Enshi and Jianshi was higher than Badong. Enshi areas was abundant ofavailable phosphorus and potassium, separately with the content was38.53mg/kg and191.71mg/kg. Moreover, the available sulphur content was over the suitable range, and zinc and selenium supply was enough, but was dificient of the boron nutrient whose average amount wasmerely0.42mg/kg.2. The effect of interaction between climate and soil on burley tobacco agronomic traits wasanalyzed. The results showed that the climate difference can influence leaf number, plant height,stem circumference, leaf length, leaf area index, leaf inclination angle at the extremely significantlevel (P <0.01), and have a significant impact on leaf width (P <0.05). The highly impact on mainagronomic traits produced by the climate can also be judged by partial Eta2value.The different soil types can influence plant height, stem circumference, pitch, leaf width atthe extremely significantly level, and the leaf area index and blade angle were influenced at0.05significant level. The influence of soil factors on the agronomic characters were showed to have awide impact.However, the effect of interaction of climate and soil on agronomic traits did not reach0.05significant level, but all had a high influence on agronomic characters except leaf width. Therefore,climate is the most important factor that decide the agronomic traits, soil secondly. Ecologicalsimilarity analysis also showed that the climate had a greater impact on agronomic traits comparedwith the soil.The grey correlation analysis of climate, soil factor and burley tobacco agronomic traitsshowed that leaf number was closely related to the rainfall capacity during vigorous period, andrainfall capacity of mature stage affects the extension of leaf width to a large extent. The sunshinehours during field growing seasons were closely correlated with plant height and leaf area index,and the correlation coefficient was0.9977and0.9993, respectively. The total nitrogen content anda variety of nutrients elements were closely associated with the leaf number of tobacco plant, andthe total nitrogen and available potassium content had obvious effect on plant height. The effect ofmajor soil factors on leaf length, width and leaf area index were in harmony, the soil pH and alarge number of nurtrient elements content are highly relevant to leaf length, width and leaf areaindex.3. The analysis of climate, soil factor and their interaction was conducted to studyphotosynthetic characteristics of burley tobacco. The photosynthetic rate of tobacco planted inHefeng soil under Enshi climate and the tobacco planted in Enshi soil under Hefeng climate wassignificantly higher than the other treatments. The period was divided into three reproductive stages. In the resettling stage, it is indicatedthat the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2concentration wereextremely significantly influenced by climate. And the net photosynthetic rate was significantlyinfluenced by soil factors and the interaction of climate and soil factors. In squaring stage, theclimate only affected the net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2at the0.01significant level,and the interaction of climate and soil can affect net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate at0.01and0.05significant level separately. In the maturing stage, the climate and soil factor eachonly affected the intercellular CO2at the0.01significant level, while the interaction of climate andsoil can affect transpiration rate at0.05significant level. The p.η2values and ecological similarityanalysis showed that the influence of climate factors on the photosynthetic characteristics wasgradually declining, and the influence of soil factor and the interaction showed an increasing trendwith the extension of field phase.4. The effect of climate and soil interaction on burley tobacco physical properties wasanalyzed. The results indicated that soil is the most important influence factors on the physicalproperties, which reached39.95%of the total variation, climate factors accounted for35.23%, theinfluence of climate and soil interaction accounted for24.82%of all physical properties variation.The leaf thickness and weight influenced by soil difference reached significant difference, andclimate conditions significantly affected the thickness, leaf weight, leaf weight, and balancemoisture content. The interaction by climate and soil is only the thickness and leaf weight showedsignificant effect. The partial Eta2values of climatic and soil factors on physical properties ofindicated that in addition to filling ability, other physical properties were all influenced by climate,soil and their interactions to different degrees. The ecological similarity analysis showed that theeffect of climate and soil factors on the physical properties were quite similar.The grey correlation analysis between climate factors and physical characteristics of burleytobacco showed that the rainfall capacity in vigorous stage was closely related to leaf thicknessand weight, while the correlation to the rest of the physical properties is low. Overall, the length offrost-free period and mature period rainfall capacity were one of the largest climatic factorsinfluencing the physical properties. The grey correlation analysis between physical characteristicsand soil factors showed that the soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen supply and available potassiumcontent were closely connected with leaf length, width, weight, stem content. Moreover, the leaf thickness was mainly affected by effective sulfur (0.9787) and the content of exchangeablemagnesium (0.9714).5. The chemical composition of burley tobacco under different climate and soil environmentwas analyzed, and the two factor analysis of variance showed that the climate differences affectedtotal sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine and nitrogen at the extremely significant level, and theinfluence of climate and soil interaction also significantly act on the reducing sugar and nitrogencontent, while the distinction of soil didn’t affect chemical composition significantly. The partialEta2values showed that the climate, soil and their interactions had an great effect on the chemicalconstituents except total nitrogen, protein, potassium, chlorine. The variance contribution rate andecological similarity analysis all illustrated the major influence of climate on chemicalcomposition, which performed as climate factor> climate×soil> climate.The grey correlation analysis of climate factors and burley tobacco chemical compositionindicated that total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen content were widely influenced by theclimate factors, of which the relationship between sunshine hours and total sugar content was themost closely. And the reducing sugar, protein and nicotine content were also closely related to thesunshine hours during growing period and rainfall capacity in maturing stage. The total nitrogencontent was closely related to temperatures through the growth period, the accumulatedtemperatures over10℃and field evaporation, while the field humidity and5cm groundtemperature had a less effect than other climate indicators. The grey correlation analysis betweensoil factor and chemical compositions showed that total sugar, reducing sugar, nicotine, proteincontent in tobacco is closely related to the content of total nitrogen and available potassium in thesoil, and available potassium, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium content iscorrelated with accumulation and synthesis of sugar and nicotine in tobacco leaves. Thecorrelationship of the trace elements to potassium content was more closer than macroelements,and the relevancy of chlorine content and soil pH value was1.000.6. For the neutral aroma substances in burley tobacco of different climate and soilenvironment, it was illustrated that the tobacco planted in Enshi climatic conditions wererelatively high in aroma compontents, and the Hefeng soil treatment was low in the neutral aromasubstances amount. Variance analysis results indicated that the influence of climate, soil andinteraction of climate and soil all didn’t reach the significant level. The grey correlation analysis between climate factors and neutral aroma components contentswas analyzed. It was showed that the average temperature of growth period and humidity, andground temperature were greatly correlated to the phenylalanine aroma substances, maillardreaction products and cembratriendiol aroma components content. The relevancy betweencarotenoids degradation product and rainfall capacity of mature period, sunshine hours duringgrowth periods were0.9910and0.9991, respectively. The neophytadiene content was mostclosely correlated to the rainfall capacity in the vigorous stage (0.9952). The correlation degreebetween the other kind of aroma substances and climate factor of is relatively low. The relevancybetween the total content of neutral aroma substances and the sunshine hours during growth periodwas the highest, while the rainfall capacity in vigorous ang maturing stage were in the secondplace. The grey correlation between soil factors and neutral aroma components showed that,phenylalanine aroma substances, maillard products, cembratriendiol and carotenoids degradationproducts were high in relevancy with soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen and availablepotassium content, and the neophytadiene content was closely related with the major andsecondary elements.7. The economic characters of burley tobacco planted of different climate and soilenvironment were compared and analyzed. It was found that the economic properties of burleytobacco planted under Enshi climate was the most superior, of which the Enshi soil treatment wasbest. Under the climate of Hefeng, the yied and production value was the highest with the Badongsoil treatment. Moreover, the tobacco produced with Hefeng climate own the character of a lowfirst-class tobacco proportion, low production and poor economy properties.The difference comparison results illustrated the climate of Enshi and Hefeng had nosignificant impact on the economic traits. The variance analysis results also showed that thereexisted no significant difference among four counties. Therefore, the influence of climate and soilfactors and their interactions had little impact on the economic characters of burley tobacco.