Research Of Soil And Physiological Processes For High Efficiency Water And Fertilizer Use On Maize

Maize，which is an important grain crop in China, cultivates most widely now.However, maize production process now faces with water shortages, waste offertilizer resources, environmental degradation and so on. Jilin Province, the majormaize producing area in China, is also affected by the same problems in its foodproduction. So it needs to coordinate a good relationship between high yield and theeffective use of water and fertilizer, and to improve the efficient use of agriculturalresources.In order to get this purpose, regulation of water and nitrogen was studied on growthand nitrogen utilization of maize under the shed drought conditions, and the effects ofnitrogen and phosphorus nutrient unbalance on the physiological processes of maizeand soil were studied under rain fed conditions.The research provided a theoretical basis to establish technologies of high efficientuse of water and fertilizer, and technologies of nutrient balance supply, which hadgreat significance to save resources of water and fertilizer, and protect environmentalquality. The study was conducted at Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhulingcity, Jilin province, in2012. The main results of this study were as follows:1Normal irrigation treatments (300mm) was conducive to absorbing nitrogen nutrientfor maize from soil without applying nitrogen fertilizer, while the proper water stresswas conducive for absorbing nitrogen nutrients to maize from soil with applyingnitrogen fertilizer.2The interaction of water and nitrogen insignificantly affected the plant height, leafarea, leaf area index, ear characters and yield of maize. The interaction of water andnitrogen significantly increased chlorophyll content. Normal irrigation treatmentssignificantly increased chlorophyll content. The best combination to improvechlorophyll content was low levels of nitrogen and normal irrigation(45kg/hm2×300mm). Normal irrigation treatments significantly increased plant height at silkingstage. And45days after silking, normal irrigation treatments was helpful formaintaining large maize leaf area and significantly increased leaf area index.3Dry matter weights of stems, leave and sheaths got a peak at15days after silking.Nitrogen contribution rate of grain: leaf> stem> sheath. Normal irrigation treatments significantly increased effective ear length, ear diameter, kernels per row, hundredkernel weights and yield, and at the same time significantly reduced the bald length.4Under rain fed conditions without applying nitrogen fertilizer, it obviouslydecreased nitrogen nutrient in soil without applying nitrogen fertilizer, it significantlyreduced leaf area, leaf area index, light interception, and very significantly reducedplant heights, very significantly reduced41.1%、15.6%、46.0%、25.5%、68.3%ofeffective ear length, ear diameter, kernels per row, hundred kernels weight and yield,improved68.4%of long bald length, respectively. It improved37.2%of the initialpotential, the maximum filling rate in advance of4.9days, shortened13days of activefilling period, and reduced10.2%of the maximum filling rate and30.4%of theaverage filling rate. However, the high application of nitrogen fertilizer (360kg/hm2)brought no significant effect on maize yield, but obviously increased nitrogen nutrientin soil, and significantly increased4.7%of effective ear length and4.9%of kernelsper row. At the same time it improved7.6of the initial potential, the maximum fillingrate ahead of0.5day, shortened3.6days of the active filling period, and increased7.4of the maximum filling rate and1.9%of the average filling rate.5Under rain fed conditions, applying no phosphorus fertilizer in high phosphorus soilshowed little effect on soil phosphorus content and had no significant effect on yield.It reduced18.0%of total phosphorus absorption, improved the grain phosphoruscontribution rate of stems and leaves. It reduced2.3%of the initial potential, themaximum filling rate ahead of0.2day, extended1day of the active grain fillingperiod, reduced1.5%of the maximum filling rate, and increased0.7%of the averagerate. Application of high phosphorus fertilizer (150kg/hm2) in high phosphorus soilobviously increased soil phosphorus content, and showed no significant effect onyield. It improved the grain phosphorus contribution rata of stems and leaves, andreduced10.2%of the initial potential, delayed1.1days the maximum filling rate oftime, prolonged5.6days of the active grain filling stage, reduced6.4%of themaximum filling rate, increased4.0%of the average rate.