Chemical Composition, Sources Of Traffic Related PM2.5in Taiyuan And Its Health Effects On Cardiopulmonary Function Of Population

Part I:Studies on the Chemical Composition and Sources of the Traffic-related PM2.5in Taiyuan CityObjective:To analyze different source apportionment of PM2.5at traffic intersection and indoor in winter and spring; to quantitativly describe the chemical composition of PM2.5and microscopic characteristics;Methods:PM2.5concentration was determined by weight method and on-line detection method; PM2.5metal elements were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence assay. PM2.5ion composition was determined by ion chromatography. The aromatics of PM2.5were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. Single PM2.5energy spectrum was measured by SEM-EDX method. The sources of PM2.5were analyzed by enrichment factor method, the ratio method, factor analysis and multivariate statistical methods.Results:1. PM2.5concentrations in research sites were the winter (Urban) intersection (160.69±121.5ug/m3)> Spring (Urban) intersection (132.5±29.11ug/m3)> spring CDC indoor (99.72±24.17ug/m3)>Spring (suburbs) intersection (55.4±29.38ug/m3). Except the PM2.5level at the spring (suburbs) intersection was below the national secondary standard of75ug/m3, PM2.5level in other sites were higher than this air quality standard.2. The mass ratio of the inorganic elements in PM2.5in two research sites accounted for20.42%to35.70%. Through enrichment factor method, all the inorganic elements can be divided into earth-crust source elements (K、Na、Ca、Mg), and artificial source elements (Z、Pb、As、 Hg、Ni、Cd). The factor analysis result showed that the traffic source, coal combustion source and the natural sources of soil dust were the main sources of those PM2.5’s inorganic elements in Taiyuan city.3. Among the four anions of PM2.5in the research sites, the concentration of SO42-was the highest, followed by Cl-, NO3-, F--. The result of ratio methods showed that the coal combustion source was the main source of PM2.5water-soluble ion in Taiyuan city.4. The mass ratio of thirteen PAHs in the PM2.5in the research sites accounted for from 0.21%to0.55%. The content of BaP in PAHs was over-proof especially in winter, but not in the spring suburbs; both the result of ratio method and factor analysis showed that the traffic pollution source, coal combustion source were the main sources of PM2.5PAHs in Taiyuan city.5. The high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope and EDX spectrum analysis system were used to analyze the microstructure characteristics and components of PM2.5samples. The results showed that the carbon granule, primary mineral dust particles and reaction mineral dust particles were the main components of PM2.5, which came from vehicle emissions, coal combustion source, and the natural sources of soil dust respectively.Conclusion:The pollution of PM2.5in Taiyuan city is heavy; the coal combustion source, the traffic pollution source and the natural sources are three main sources of PM2.5in Taiyuan city. Part Ⅱ The Effects of Traffic-related PM2.5Exposure in Taiyuan on Cardiopulmonary Function of PopulationObjective:To assess the exposure concentration of PM2.5in the working environment of traffic polices and Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) staffs, and to study the relationship between PM2.5exposure in work environment and pulmonary function and cardiovascular of population.Methods:Traffic polices as exposed group and CDC staffs as control group in this study, PM2.5exposure doses and potential exposure doses of research objects were calculated by combining the environment PM2.5data and the time-activity records of each person and by continuous sampling for a week. At the same time, the research objects were surveyed by the questionnaire to get their general information, and their pulmonary function were detected after one week of environmental testing.Results:1. The average concentrations of PM2.5around the traffic junction monitoring sites (132±49ug/m3) were significantly higher than those in CDC office(99.72±24.17ug/m3)(P<0.05); The PM2.5exposure dose and the potential exposure dose of the traffic polices (1.06±0.23mg,1.69±0.37mg) were higher than those of CDC staffs (0.798±0.19mg,0.798±0.19mg)(P<0.05); The pyrene concentration of PM2.5(7.08±2.95) ng/m3in the traffic police’s working environment is greater than that of the CDC staffs (3.67±0.99) ng/m3, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01); the urine1-OHPy concentration (0.28+0.15) umol/molCr in the traffic police’s urine is greater than that of the CDC staffs (0.19+0.18) umol/molCr, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).2. Male traffic police’s PEF and FEV1.0/FVC%were respectively (4.70+0.28L/s) and (0.82+0.03), which were lower than those of the male CDC staffs (6.53+0.41L/s) and (0.92+0.02), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01); Male traffic police’s abnormal rate of FEV1.0measured/FEV1.0expected value%and PEF measured/PEF expected value%were respectively31.5%and36.8%), which were higher than those of the male CDC workers12.5%and15.4%, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).3. The systolic blood pressure of traffic police,{male (132.10+12.58)} and{female (122.43+18.83)}, were higher than those of the CDC staffs,{male (120.75+20.16)} and{female (111.54+13.03)}, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01); The pulse pressure difference of male traffic police was (41.43+10.6), which was higher than that of the male CDC staffs (36.13+11.39), the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01); the blood’s abnormal pressure rate (47.37%) and electrocardiogram’s (ECG) abnormal rate (28.95%)of male traffic police were higher than that of the male CDC staffs, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion:The PM2.5concentration of traffic police’s working environment is higher than that of the CDC staffs working indoors; the increasing of PM2.5concentration may inhibit pulmonary ventilation function among population; the increasing of PM2.5concentration may increase the abnormal rate of population’s cardiovascular function.