| At present, there are some serious problems of agriculture in the Central Plains Economic Zone, such asthe shortage of resources, the lower efficiency of fertilizers recycling and utilizing, the ability ofagricultural sustainable development, et al. So, it is very important to study the dynamic change of carbonand nitrogen in wheat-corn rotation area in Henan Province, which is the mainly area in China whereproducing food. A long-term trial of different tillages and organic fertilizers to field from2007wasconducted in Qianli Village, Huojia County, Henan Province, China. From2012to2013,8treatments wereprocessed in the trial, and they were deep tillage (S), deep tillage with pig manure (SF), deep tillage withmaize straw (SJ), deep tillage with biogas slurry (SZ), shallow tillage (Q), shallow tillage with pig manure(QF), the shallow tillage with maize straw (QJ) and shallow tillage with biogas slurry (QZ). Then, thephysical, chemical and biological indexes of different depthes topsoil and the morphological andphysiological traits of wheat were measured in the wintering period, rising period, anthesis period, fillingperiod, maturity period of wheat. The effects of8treatments on the changes of carbon and nitrogen insoil-wheat system, the characters of soil and the yield of wheat were researched. Moreover, the utilizationefficiency of carbon, nitrogen in soil-wheat system and the benefit of wheat yield were studied one byone.The main research results were as follows:1. To different topsoil treatments, the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen indeeper topsoil were increased by deep tillage treatment, which leading to the uniform distribution of soilnutrients in different soil layers, the promotion of the leaf area and the photosynthesis rate of wheat flagleaf, the increasing of the accumulation of wheat biomass and nitrogen, and the significant improvement ofthe yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat.2. To different organic fertilizers to field measures, the effects of maize straw and pig manureapplication in soil were bigger on the organic carbon content and total nitrogen content. The content ofammonium nitrogen was improved by maize straw to field treatment during the early growth period ofwheat and increased by biogas slurry in the deeper topsoil during the late stage of wheat. At the same time, the content of nitrate nitrogen in deeper topsoil was increased significantly by the pig manure and biogasslurry to field treatments. Additionally, organic fertilizers increased the number of microorganism and theactivity of enzyme in soil.3. To the nitrogen utilization of plant, pig manure treatment increased the leaf area and netphotosynthesis rate significantly, and promoted the accumulation of biomass in the early stage of wheat;maize straw to field treatment was beneficial to the accumulation of biomass in the late period of wheat. Soorganic fertilizers showed the roles of the increasing accumulation of nitrogen and yield of wheat plant, andthe significantly decreasing partial productivity of nitrogen. On the other hand, with organic fertilizers tofield, the nitrogen utilization efficiency was decreased by deep tillage, but improved by shallow tillage,which the pig manure treatment played more obvious roles.In short, the nutrient status in topsoil was improved by deep tillage and organic fertilizers. Detailedly,with deep tillage and organic fertilizers to field, the contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen in deepertopsoil were improved, the numbers of microorganisms in the soil were increased, the enzyme activities insoil were risen, the stronge wheat roots were grown, and the growth and the nitrogen content of wheat plantwere promoted. Finally, the yield and the nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat with deep tillage andorganic fertilizers to field were higher obviously than the shallow tillage and the traditional chemicalfertilizers to field. Especially, the treatment of deep tillage with pig manure (SF) was the best treatmentamong the eight treatments. |
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