| Platypleura kaempferi(Fabricius)(Hemiptera: Cicadidae) is one of the dominant cicada species in Guanzhong Area of Shaanxi Province and Qinling Mountains with a wide distribution. Not only can P. kaempferi directly jeopardize to the limb and roots of host plants by their piercing-sucking mouthparts, they also have oviposition damage. There are multiple vegetation, rich biotopes and abundant species diversity in Qinling Mountains where is the mixed distribution zone of importance of transition of insects between the Palaearctic Region and The Oriental Realm. There is no research on the relation between P. kaempferi population differentiation in habitats of different altitudes, thus the object of this study is to invstigate the differentiation of P. kaempferi in different biotopes in Qinling Mountains and the adjacent areas through morphology, bioacoustics and molecular systematics. The main results are as follows:1. In order to compare the morphological differention of P. kaempferi, we measured the body length, left parole length and width, head width, pronotum width, beak length and tympanic cavity length and width. One-way ANOVA analysis of each characteristic indicated that these external characters of P. kaempferi have no significant differentiation(P>0.05).2. Calling songs of male P. kaempferi of different populations were recorded and analysed. The results indicated that:(1) The time domain of P. kaempferi in Qinling Mountains were 15–30s, and main frequency were 7000–10000Hz.(2) P. kaempferi completed a song contained a couple of pulsegroup which is constituted with three stages: Part a, Part b and Part c. The mean value of these three pulse repetition frequency(PRFa, PRFb and PRFc) and duration(Ta, Tb and Tc) were 421.23±24 Hz, 536.16±32Hz, 480.15±34 Hz and 0.11 s, 15.57 s and 3.35 s, respectively.(3) There was no difference of chirping between the two populations from Foping and Fengxian on the Qinling south slope, and no difference of chirping were observed among the three populations from Heihe, Zhuyu and Meixian on the Qinling northern slope, either. Whereas the chirping of populations from south slope differ to that of the ones from the north slope by showing a significant lower PRF(pulse repeat frequency); the pulse interval of part b from a testing pulse group from the south slope was significantly longer than that of all testing pulse groups from the north slope. We also found that the RPF of part a, b, c declined as the altitude increased, whilst part b took longer time. Therefore, differentiation took place between the populations distributing in different slopes of Qinling Mountains but not among the populations from the same slope.3. Three mitochondrial genes, COI, COII and Cytb and two nuclear genes, EF-1? and ITS1, were chosed to study the population differentiation of P. kaempferi. Then maximum likelihood method and Bayesian estimates were applied to construct trees. The results were as follows:(1) The genetic ML and BI trees showed two major branches was composed, which reprent the populations from the south slope and the north slope of Qinling Mountains, respectively; there was no individual branches generated among the populations from the same slope.(2) Joint genotype calculation indicated the genetic distance between the south slope populations and the north slope populations varied from 0.001–0.025. However, the genetic distance was 0 among the populations from the same slope. These indicate an insufficient level for species differentiation among the populations.(3) The nuclear gene EF-1? is not suitable for genetic differentiation study in P. kaempferi and possible also in other species of the Cicadidae because of the highly conserved sequence during the genetic mutations. |
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