| "Qiang" appears in the Dynasty of Western Zhou. It is an ancient and minority. The people of Qiang set off a continuous revolt struggles, which make the Eastern Han feel very distressed, and brings a great damage and profound impact on the society.Having a good knowledge of the causes and process of the war between Han and Qiang can not only deepen our understanding about the history of Northwest Minority of Eastern Han, but also help readers grasp the Eastern Han Dynasty’s politics, economy, society, culture and military affairs comprehensively. This thesis aims at exploring the causes and development of “Qiang chaos” from the perspective of geographical environment, climatic environment, and the Eastern Han’s policy to Qiang.This thesis can be divided into four chapters.The first chapter is introduction. This chapter mainly defines the conception of "Qiang chaos", and interprets the significance and basis of the topic. The main content puts emphasis on introducing the previous scholars’ achievements, that is, exploring the causes of “Qiang chaos”. “Qiang chaos” generally refers to the two large-scale rebellions occurred in the Eastern Han, which exert a great damage. The previous scholars not only explore the Han’s policy to Qiang, but also study some other aspects, such as the topographical environment of their habitats and the lifestyle of Qiang.The second chapter mainly gives an overview on “Qiang chaos”. This chapter mainly explains the relationship between Han and Qiang from Western Han to the later period of Eastern Han Dynasty, and introduces the process of “Qiang chaos”. Because of the Western Han’s strategic decision to Hun, frictions often occur between them. What’s more, rebel wars occur more frequently later, even throughout the Eastern Han, seriously damaging its economy, finance, population, society, and etc.The third chapter focuses on the causes of “Qiang chaos”. Firstly, the people of Qiang live in the alpine valleys of the He Huang area. The special landscape environment not only makes people of Qiang become inconvenient with the outside world, but also causes mutual communications among its tribes difficultly. Such a situation divides Qiang into numerous parts, which results in numerous small unions to rob others in the boundary. Although these small unions’ s scale are not as large as the Huns, Qiang never gives up their endless rebel phenomea. Secondly, Eastern Han’s climate becomes colder and colder, so the dry and cold environment of He Huang is not a good living place for the nomads. Meanwhile, the north agricultural economy is also affected, and some of the changes happen in the economic environment of the Northwest China. It is one of the reasons of the long-lasting war can not ceased between Han and Qiang. Moreover, dry and cold climate deepens the internal competition of Qiang. The cold and dry environment as well as the scarce resources are the major internal factors for Qiang migrating to the southeast. In addition, “Qiang chaos” has a intimate relationship with the East Han’s pressure policy to Qiang.The fourth chapter discusses the historical influences of “Qiang chaos”. On one hand, “Qiang chaos” arouses the rise of Liang Zhou’s general, resulting in a unwieldy potential power. On the other hand, the Eastern Han brings a great pressure to the fragile financial system in order to get rid of the rebellion, accelerating its collapse. From the perspective of the historical pattern of Northwest, Eastern Han’s fatal policy to Qiang changes the force situation of Northwest. The powerful Qiang’s decadence brings an opportunity for other ethnic group’s prosperity in this region. |
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