| Four rainfall events from tropics to midlatitudes are studied using two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations with different parameterization schemes for the growth of ice crystal including Hsie et al.(1980),Krueger et al.(1995),Zeng et al.(2008),and Shen et al.(2014),respectively.The response of rain rate,hydrometeor,microphysical and thermal processes to the schemes are analyzed through surface rainfall,cloud and heat budgets.The main results include the followings:(1)The model with Shen's scheme produces the cloest rain-rate to the observation.Compared to Zeng's scheme with a high ice nuclei concentration,Shen scheme reduces the growth of raindrops by the collection of cloud water and the growth of cloud ice by the deposition of cloud water.Compared to Hsie's,Krueger's schemes and Zeng's schemes with moderate or low ice nuclei concentration,Shen's scheme decreases the net condensation and hydrometeor loss.(2)The model with Zeng's scheme with a high ice nuclei concentration generates anomalous cloud ice,whereas Shen's scheme could cut the anomalous cloud ice through decreasing the growth of cloud ice by the deposition of supersaturated water and the growth of cloud ice by the deposition of cloud water.Both Zeng's scheme with a high ice nuclei concentration and Shen's scheme increase the radiative heating in upper-middle troposphere,which is associated with high cloud-ice simulations.(3)Zeng's scheme with a high ice nuclei concentration leads to an abnormal reduction in domain-mean local temperature change in the upper troposphere,which results from the reductions in convergence of vertical heat flux over the tropics and condensational heating over midlatitudes.Although Zeng's scheme with a high ice nuclei concentration increases the domain-mean mass-weighted radiative heating,it decreases the surface sensible heat flux over the tropics and the condensational heating over midlatitudes.Thus,the four schemes generate similar domain-mean mass-weighted local temperature changes. |
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