| Wildlife resources is an important part of natural ecological system.They play important role in maintaining stability of ecological system.Biodiversity research and conservation are also the focus of ecological research.Along with the rise of industrial society economy,unsustainable development and use of natural resources,human disturbance and destruction of ecological system,the negative effects are more serious,therefore,wildlife resources facing serious challenges,protect the diversity of wild animals also become critical.By looking up county annals in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and relevant historical data,we have a preliminary mastery of distribution of terrestrial wild mammals in Shandong Province in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,there were totally 6 orders of terrestrial mammals within Shandong territory:Insectivora,Chiroptera,Carnivora,Lagomorpha,Artiodactyla and Redentia,and the main class groups and species had hedgehog,bat,wolf,red fox,yellow weasel,badger,lepus capensis,mouse,sika deer,roe deer,wild boar,etc.As some county annals record ambiguously,specific species included in some class groups are not quite clear.Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,both species composition and population dynamics of terrestrial wild mammals within Shandong territory have experienced significant variation.Investigations since the 80s in the 20th century show that there are totally 5 orders,13 families and 44 species of terrestrial wild mammals in Shandong Province,whereby there are 16 species of Rodentia,13 species of Chiroptera,10 species of Carnivora,4 species of Insectivora and 1 species of Lagomorpha.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,sika deer(Cervus Nippon),river deer(Capreolus pygargus),roe deer(Hydropotes inermis)and wild boar(Sus scrofa)and so on belonging to Artiodactyla were extensively distributed in Weihai,Zhaoyuan,Jiaoxian,Boshan,Tai'an and other regions,and most of these regions were along the Kunyu Mountain,Lanshan Mountain,Lushan Mountain and Mount Tai.At present,these species have disappeared from Shandong territory.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Carnivora animals like wolf(Vulpes vulpes),red fox(Cams Lupus)and badger(Meles meles)were extensively distributed in most regions in Shandong Province,but now they are distributed sporadically in uplands and mountains in east of Shandong and mountains in middle of Shandong with low population densities.There are two kinds factors:natural and social factors.Human beings are the most positive and active part of the productive forces that effect on the natural ecology.After the Ming dynasty,the number of people in Shandong province continued to rise.During the Qing dynasty,the population size reached a peak that more than 30 million.The population explosion,population density continued to increase,and the distribution of population in the eastern and western regions was balanced.Forests provide food and habitat for wildlife.Forest focused on uplands and mountains in east of Shandong and mountains in middle of Shandong.The forest resources and agricultural development restraining each other.Until 1949,forest area in Shandong was about 300000 ha,and the forest cover rate is 2.0%.Land-use is the most significant result of human transformation of nature.The interactive conversion is evident between cultivate land and construction land,and the inner conversion of construction land was evident too.Cultivate land which dominated the whole landscape has lost advantage position with the development of land use's diversity and evenness,at the same time,landscape heterogeneity has becoming more and more evident,which degraded ecological service effect.Generally speaking,the number of patches of all landscapes had been increased,and the increase was relatively large,which means the degree of differentiation had increased and the degree of landscape fragmentation had increased too. |
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