| Butterflies have high ornamental and commercial value because of their elegant flying posture and bright-coloured. They also have the good reputation of "the flying flowers" and "the nature's dancer". Butterflies can help plants finish pollination,and they are important indicator organism for monitoring biodiversity and assessing ecology environment impact. In this thesis,the morphology of reproductive system of adult Tirumala limniace, and selection and fitness for host plants of Euploea core are studied. These studies can help us to understand the development procedure of reproductive system and reproductive habit of butterflies, also can provide theoretical guidance for artificial breeding Danaidae butterflies. The main results are as follows.1. Morphology and Development of Internal Reproductive System of Adult Tirumala limniace (Cramer)The internal reproductive system of female and male T. limniace with ages from one- to twelve- day old were dissected and represented, the characteristic parameters of internal reproductive organs including size and number of germ cells were measured. In addition, female and male development were graded according to the developmental characteristics of ovary and vesicula seminalis, ejaculatory duct simplex, respectively.The internal reproductive organs of female T. limniace contain a couple of ovaries, a couple of lateral oviducts, a common oviduct, bursa copulatrix gland and spermatheca; the development of internal organ was influenced significantly by age, the length of ovariole increased significantly with the age increasing and reached the maximum at the 10th day, but the diameter of ovariole and lateral oviduct increased slowly with the increase of age; with the increase of age, the amount of mature eggs in ovary increased at initial and then deduced, but the amount of immature eggs increased slowly all the time; based on the developmental characteristics, the ovarian development can be divided into 5 grades, i.e. milky and translucent stage, yolk deposition stage, egg maturation stage, peak stage of oviposition and final stage of oviposition.The internal reproductive organs of male T. limniace contain one testis, two vesicula seminalis,a pair of vas deferens,a pair of ejaculatory duct duplex,an ejaculatory duct simplex and accessory gland. With the increase of age, the diameter of ejaculatory duct duplex and the length of ejaculatory duct simplex increased. The length of sperm bundles in testis sustainable increased with the age increased, the length of sperm bundles in vesicula seminalis increased constantly before 7-day old and tended to stability then. With age increasing, the number of sperm bundles in testis decreased gradually, that in vesicula seminalis increased gradually from 1- to 7- day old and maintained stability after 7 days, and that in ejaculatory duct duplex increased gradually. The development of internal reproductive organs of male T. limniace could be divided into 4 grades, i.e. milky and translucent stage, transporting and growing of sperm bundle stage, mass transporting and maturing of sperm bundles stage, and replenishing of sperm bundle stage, based on the developmental characteristics of vesicula seminalis and ejaculatory duct duplex. The structure of internal reproductive system of female and male T. limniace is the same as other butterflies. Ovarian grading of female T. limniace and development grading of male T. limniace can theoretically guide the artificial control of reproduction.2. Effects of different host plants on oviposition behavior and hostplant adaptability to its growth of and development of Euploea core (Cramer)Adult oviposition and larval feeding preferences of E. core to four different host plants and two non-host plants were investigated, through which the adult oviposition preferences and fitness of E. core to different host plants had been ascertained. In this thesis, the amount of eggs laid by mated E. core on Parsonia laevigata, Ficus raecmosa, Cryptolepis buchannani,Asclepias curassavica and Thevetia peruviana were recorded. The larval E. core were fed on the five different host plants, meanwhile, survival rate of different instar, pupation rate, eclosion rate, egg laying amount and hatching rate were analyzed. Compared with the other five host plants, female E. core prefer to lay eggs on Ficus raecmosa, the oviposition selectivity was 39.97±3.24%. And the ovipositon selectivity of Cryptolepis buchannani was 26.49±2.95%, the selectivity for Dregea volubilis and Thevetia peruviana were the worst,were 2.18±0.37% and 1.33±0.43%, respectively. The survival rate from 1- to 5- instar larvae fed on Ficus raecmosa and Cryptolepis buchannani were the over 75%, which were the highest than on Parsonia laevigata and Asclepias curassavica. The survival rate of larvae fed on Thevetia perviana was the lowest, 5- instar larvae was just about 20%. However, the eclosion rate of pupas between Ficus raecmosa and Cryptolepis buchannani were the over 75%, which were the highest than on Parsonia laevigata and Asclepias curassavica. The survival rate of larvae fed on Thevetia peruviana was the lowest, 5- instar larvae was just about 20%. However, the eclosion rate of pupas between four different host plants had no significant difference,were all above 80%.Duration of the larval stage on Thevetia peruviana (24.72 d) was the longest, and that on Asclepias curassavica (21.01 d) was the shortest. Duration of pupae on the five different host plants were all about 8.3-8.8 d, had significant difference. Moreover, pupae weight and size also had significant difference on different host plants,the pupaes of larvals fed on Ficus raecmosa were the lightest and smallest, and that on Asclepias curassavica and Cryptolepis buchannani were the heaviest and largest.In 2016 and 2017, the list of numbers of eggs laid per female per day and egg hatchability of E. core fed on different host plants were different. In 2016, the number of eggs laid and egg hatchability on Ficus raecmosa were all the highest,but in 2017 that on Cryptolepis buchannani were the highest. In conclusion, Ficus raecmosa and Cryptolepis buchannani were the best host plants of the larval E. core, following were Parsonia laevigata and Asclepias curassavica, Thevetia peruviana was the worst. Moreover, adult E. core preferred to lay eggs on Ficus raecmosa, intermediately on Cryptolepis buchannani, Asclepias curassavica and parsonia laevigata, not like to lay eggs on Thevetia peruviana. Effects of different plants on oviposition behavior and adaptability of E. core on different host plants can theoretically guide mass breeding of it. |
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