Concentrations,Distribution And Fluxes Of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants And Plasticizers In The Atmosphere Of Bohai Rim Region

Due to the restricted product and use of brominated flame retardants(BFRs)from international community,phosphorus flame retardants(PFRs)were extensively used as substitutes for BFRs.With relatively high level of industrialization,urbanization and modernization in China,the levels of different pollutants in Bohai Rim need to be measured.In this study,the concentrations of organophosphorus flame retardants(OPFRs)in the atmosphere of Bohai Sea were monitored every two months for one year.The passive air samplers were used to collect gas phase,particle,and dissolved samples from 14 coastal cities.The sampling time ranged from May 2013 to June 2014.Eleven OPs were extracted and analyzed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer.The results showed that ∑TCPP and TBEP were the main OPs in the atmosphere of Bohai Rim.Concentrations of 11 vapor OPs in gas phase ranged from not dected(nd)to 17.0 ng/m3.The maximum value occurred in Qinhuangdao,and the corresponding compound was TBEP.The range of ∑OPs in gas phase at the 14 sites varied from nd(Diaokou)to 25.8 ng/m3(Qinhuangdao)with an average of 8.06 ng/m3.The concentrations of ∑OPs in gas phase of Bohai Rim were relatively stable throughout the year.The particle deposition fluxes of 11 OPs varied from nd to 3340 ng/m2/d.The maximum value occurred in Yangkou,and the corresponding compound was TBEP.The range of the particle deposition fluxes of ∑OPs at the 14 sites ranged between 6.20(Tianjin)and 3450 ng/m2/d(Yangkou)with a mean value of 716 ng/m2/d.The particle deposition fluxes of ∑OPs in the atmosphere of Bohai Rim showed to the trend of spring>autumn>summer>winter.The dissolved deposition fluxes of 11 OPs varied from nd to 1500 ng/m2/d,which the maximum value occurred in Xingcheng,and the corresponding compound was ∑TCPP.The dissolved deposition fluxes of ∑OPs at the 14 sites was 6.09(Longkou)to 1600 ng/m2/d(Laoting)with a mean value of 374 ng/m2/d.The dissolved deposition fluxes of ∑OPs in the atmosphere of Bohai Rim were the highest in summer and lowest in winter.The total deposition fluxes of ∑OPs ranged between 79.1(Yantai)and 3690 ng/m2/d(Yangkou)with a mean of 1080 ng/m2/d.The ratio of OPs between the particle deposition fluxes and dissolved deposition fluxes in the atmosphere of Bohai Sea was 13:7.The annual deposition fluxes of the 11 target compounds ranged from 14.7 t to 41.5 t with an average of 30.1 t.The seasonal variations of ∑OPs deposition fluxes show the trend of spring>summer>autumn>winter.