| As a kind of renewable energy resource,bio–oil has been attracting much attention.However,unfortunately the liquid products contain a high fraction of oxygen,which contribute to some deleterious properties,such as low heating value and chemical instability.It is very necessary to selectively remove oxygen from the bio–oil via the hydrodeoxygenation?HDO?to improve the quality of the upgraded bio–oil.The Ni2P/SBA-15,Al-doped Ni2P/Al-SBA-15,Fe-doped Ni2P/Fe-SBA-15 and Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3?Ni2P/x-TA,where x is the mass fraction of TiO2?catalysts were synthesized at a relatively low reduction temperature based on traditional temperature programmed reduction method.The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction?XRD?,H2 temperature-programmed reduction?H2-TPR?,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy?XPS?,transmission electron microscope?TEM?,NH3 temperature programmed desorption?NH3-TPD?,N2 adsorption–desorption and CO uptake.The effect of incorporation and x on benzofuran?BF?HDO performance was investigated.The result indicates that?1?The incorporation of Al into the SBA-15 support can promote the formation of much uniform,smaller,highly dispersed Ni2 P particles on the catalyst.The Al also contributes to suppress the enrichment of P and promote more exposed Ni sites on the surface.In addition,the incorporation of Al can enhance the acid strength.?2?At the conditions of 573 K,3 MPa,H2/oil ratio of 500?v/v?,and a weight hourly space velocity?WHSV?of 4 h-1,the total deoxygenated product yield over Ni2P/Al-SBA-15 reached 90.3%,which is an increase of 19.4%,when compared with that found for Ni2P/SBA-15?70.9%?.?3?The incorporation of Fe into SBA-15 contributes to the information of smaller and uniform Ni2 P particles.The introduction of the second metal Fe promoted the performance for the HDO of BF,this was likely to be caused by the interaction between Ni and Fe.?4?At the conditions of 573 K,3 MPa,H2/oil ratio of 500?v/v?,and a weight hourly space velocity?WHSV?of 4 h-1,the total deoxygenated product yield over Ni2P/Fe-SBA-15 reached 83%,which is an increase of 12.1%,when compared with that found for Ni2P/SBA-15?70.9%?.?5?The mass ratio of TiO2/Al2O3 is 50%,the Ni2P/50%-TA catalyst has smaller,more uniform Ni2 P particles.After the water was introduced to feed,the yield of O-free products over the Ni2P/50%-TA catalyst reached 80.3%,improved by 26.5% compared with that over the Ni2P/Al2O3 catalyst?53.8%?.It is clear from the results that the TiO2 plays an important role on protecting the catalyst from deactivation in presence of water,which can be explained by the hydrophobic nature of the TiO2. |
PDF Full Text Request