| Greenhouse gases?GHGs?emitted from animal manure are one of the greatest sources of GHGs in animal husbandry,and it is also an important field of GHGs mitigation.GHG emission factors are different from different types of animals,or different manure managements,which is the basis of the estimation of GHGs emission.Therefore,it has great necessity to estimate the emission factors from different kinds of animal manure under different managements by spot monitoring in order to accurately figure out the emission factors in China.This experiment mainly studied the emission factors of carbon dioxide?CO2?,methane?CH4?and nitrous oxide?N2O?of manure of pig,laying hens and broiler under static storage and turning management by the method of static box-gas chromatography,to provide scientific basis for the estimation of GHGs emission from animal manure,as well as give a theoretical guidance for rational distribution of animal husbandry in China.And the temperature and humidity of environment and internal manure were record,the physiochemical properties of manure were detected,and the compositions of microorganism in manure were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing during all the experiment.Taking those above together,the relationships between GHG emissions and environmental factors,physiochemical properties of manure,and microbial diversity were investigated.Hence,it is necessary to monitor the GHGs emission and the effective factors to provide scientific basis for GHGs mitigtation.Results of this study are as follow: 1.The mature time of pig manure,laying hens manure and broiler manure under static and turning managements.With the seed germination index GI ? 80% as the maturity standard,the manure time for pig manure was 92 d in static pile and 77 d in turning pile,and it was 146 d and 128 d for laying hens manure,respectively.For broiler manure,it was 112 d and 102 d,respectively.These results showed that turning managment could accelerate the fecal maturity,shorten the mature time.Besides,the results also indicates the mature time were different in different kinds of manure,pig manure was the shortest,followed by broiler manure,and longest for the laying hens manure.2.Characteristics of GHG emissions from pig manure,laying hens manure and broiler manure under static and turning managements.The results showed that turning could reduce GHG emissions.In the experiment,CH4 emission was declined under turning management,and it was decreased by 76.61%,42.05% and 96.75% in pig manure,laying hens manure and broiler manure,respectively.Emission of CO2 was also reduced by about 29.68% for pig manure,14.57% for laying hens manure,and 30.44% for broiler manure.In addition,emission of N2 O was different in different types of manure under turning management,it was decreased by about 20.74% and 16.18% for pig manure and laying hens manure,while it was increased by 12.17 times compared with static management for broiler manure.In terms of total GHG emissions,all the gases were decreased in turning management compared with static storage.And the total emissions of CO2?CH4 and N2 O were about 67.41%,36.33%,and 75.94% in pig manure,laying hens manure and broiler manure,respectively.Besides,if calculated the total emission of CH4 and N2 O only,the results also showed a decrease of turning management about 72.32%,41.99% and 87.75%.In terms of GHG composition,the results showed that CH4 was the major contributor for the three kinds of manure.For the emission of CO2,the proportion of laying hens manure and broiler manure were higher than pig manure.As for the emission of N2 O,it was highest in pig manure,followed by broiler manure under turning management.There were no emission of N2 O for laying hens manure and broiler manure under static storage.In conclusion,the proportion of every GHGs was different between different types of animal manure.3.GHG emission factors for pig manure,laying hens manure and broiler manure under static and turning managements.The emission factors of CO2?CH4 and N2 O in pigs manure,laying hens manure and broilers manure were calculated by combining the greenhouse gases accumulation emissions and the production situation of livestock and poultry.The results showed that the emission factors of CO2,CH4 and N2 O for pig manure under static management were 1.84 kg/head,0.47 kg/head and 4.11 g/head,respectively.And under turning management,these were 1.29 kg/head,0.11 kg/head and 3.26kg/head,respectively.For laying hens manure,the CO2,CH4 and N2 O emission factors were 41.59 kg/100 birds,5.70 kg/100 birds and 1.44 g/100 birds,respectively under static management,which were 35.53 kg/100 birds,3.30 kg/100 birds,1.21 g/100 birds under turning management,respectively.As for broiler manure,the emission factor of CO2,CH4 and N2 O were 2.36 kg/100 birds,0.32 kg/100 birds and 0.24 g/100 birds under static management,and they were 1.64 kg/100 birds,0.01 kg/100 birds and 3.10 g/100 birds under turning management.In conclusion,the emission factor of every greenhouse gas is affected by different types of animal manure or different manure managements.Except for the CH4 emission factors for laying hens manure and broiler manure under turning management,the CH4 and N2 O emission factors from “IPCC,2006” and “The Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories?Trial?'are higher than that in our study.4.The correlationship between GHG emissions and environmental temperature and humidity,or fecal physical and chemical characteristics.The results of this study indicates that the emission rates of CO2,CH4 and N2 O were significantly correlated to the temperature?environmental or the internal of manure?.Besides,the emissions of CO2,CH4 and N2 O were correlated to the physical and chemical properties of the manure.Based on correlation analysis,and taking more than 50% appearance rate of the correlation into account,good correlated items of manure were screened out.And the result suggests that the carbonic matter has good correlation with the emission of CO2 and CH4,while the nitric matter has good correlation with the emission of N2 O.In addition,water-soluble carbon?WSC?,volatile solids?VS?,total organic carbon?TOC?and total nitrigon?TN?were well correlated with the emission of CO2,pH and TOC were well related with the emission of CH4,and pH,NH4+-N,total solids?TS?,VS,TOC and TN were well correlated with the emission of N2 O.Concluding above,GHGs emissions were affected by temperature,pH value of the manure,and the carbonic or nitric matter in the manure.5.The relationship between CH4,N2 O emissions and microbial diversity.A total of 13 genus of bacterial were screened out through 16 S DNA sequence and biological analysis.Among them,Clostridium was significally correlated with CH4 emission?R=0.673,P<0.05?,and Paracoccus,Sedimentibacter and Treponema were significally correlated with N2 O emission?R=0.649,P<0.05;R=0.697,P<0.05;R=0.648,P<0.05?.Results above suggests that the different emissions between different types of manure could attribute to the distribution of the microorganism in the manure.Taking all above into consideration,conclusions were drawn as follow: 1)turning management can accelerate fecal maturity,shorten mature time.2)Turining management decreases the emissions of GHGs.3)The emission factors are different with different types of manure and different managements.And the emission factors of CH4 and N2 O in the current are higher than that in our study except for the CH4 emission factors for laying hens manure and broiler manure under turning management.4)GHG emissions are significantly correlated with temperature.And the emission of CO2 is significantly correlated with WSC,VS,TOC and TN,the emission of CH4 is significantly correlated with pH and TOC,while the emission of N2 O is correlated with pH,NH4+-N,TS,VS,TOC and TN.5)The different emissions of CH4 may attribute to the different distribution of Clostridium in the manure,and the different emissions of N2 O may attribute to the different distribution of Paralactium,Sedimentibacter and Treponema. |
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