Artificial Sweetener Exposure Influence The Expression Of Sweet Taste Receptor In Multiple Organs

At present,artificial sweeteners are widely used as the substitutes of sucrose in food and beverage production because of its unique properties,they can provide sweet taste,but not absorbed by the body,in a very long period of time they were considered to be safe.But in recent years,with more and more use of artificial sweeteners,some metabolic diseases are intensified.More and more scientific studies have shown that the application of artificial sweeteners on the body’s physiological function has a greater impact.It will lead to metabolic disorders,and then induce obesity,type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.People pay more and more attention to the health of artificial sweeteners.Sweet receptors,as an important molecule of inductive artificial sweeteners,consist of two subunits(T1R2,T1R3),which are involved in many physiological metabolic processes.Recent studies have shown that sweet receptors are not only present in the oral cavity,but also in many other tissues,and further induced the mechanism of metabolic regulation that sweet receptor take part in.In this study,we determined the effects of artificial sweeteners on some tissues and the mechanism of the physiological functions of mice after exposure to some artificial sweeteners.The molecular mechanism was revealed by Western Blotting,qPCR,cell immunofluorescence,and animal behavioral investigation.The results are as follows:(1)Effects of the expression of sweet receptor subunit T1R3 in mouse tissues after artificial sweeteners exposure:The ICR mice were exposed to three kinds of common sweeteners,saccharin,sucralose and acesulfame-K,the sweetness was 12,to detect the expression of T1R3 protein in some tissues(liver,kidney,stomach,bladder and testis).The results showed that the expression of T1R3 was significantly up-regulated in the liver,the testis and bladder were also up-regulated,the T1R3 in the kidney was not changed,and the T1R3 in the stomach was slightly different among the sweeteners.After exposure to saccharin,T1R3 was slightly upregulated,and after exposure to sucralose,the downregulation was observed,whereas the anesthetics were significantly down-regulated.(2)Effects of the T1R3 expression in different intestinal segments of mice after artificial sweeteners exposure:Further investigation of the intestinal tract of mice was carried out.The related proteins of intestinal sweet signal pathway were identified by immunofluorescence technique.The results of immunofluorescence showed that the signal pathway related proteins were expressed on intestinal endocrine cells.The expression level of T1R3 protein in different parts(duodenum,jejunum,ileum)was detected by exposure to mice with multiple artificial sweeteners.The results showed that the expression of T1R3 was significantly up-regulated in the duodenum of mice with all of 3 sweeteners,and the expression of T1R3 was significantly up-regulated in the jejunum and ileum after the exposure to saccharin,but the other two sweeteners were not.(3)To further explore the effects of artificial sweeteners on bladder function and its possible mechanism.The results showed that the exposure of artificial sweeteners had an effect on the expression of T1R3 on the bladder receptors in mice.In order to explore the effect of artificial sweetener exposure on mouse bladder function,animal behavioral investigation were designed.It showed that artificial sweeteners exposed on mice will increase the relative amount of urine,and in the saccharin and AK treated-groups were significantly up-regulated.While the sucralose group,although has slightly increase,but no significant was viewed.Studies on protein and mRNA expression level of sweet receptors have shown that sweet receptors of bladder are significantly up-regulated after exposure to artificial sweeteners.In summary,this study explored the effect of artificial sweeteners on the expression of sweet receptors on the tissues of the body by the mouse model exposed to artificial sweeteners.After the artificial sweetener exposure,the body part of the organization on the sweet taste receptors change,suggesting that artificial sweeteners may be part of the organization through the sweet taste of the metabolic function of receptors,thereby affecting the health of the body.